THE BUILDER MAGAZINE

A Journal for the Masonic Student

Published Monthly by the National Masonic Research Society

Vol. 8 No. 10 – October 1922

THE RELIGION OF AMERICA

Bro. Joseph Fort Newton, New York

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RELIGION is a universal and elemental power in human life, and to limit its scope by restrictive adjectives would seem, at first glance, to be self-contradictory. For this reason, the idea of an American religion borders on inconsistency. Since all souls are alike genetically, and the divine life flows into all similarly; since human life pulsates to the same great needs, the same great faiths, the same great hopes, why speak of the religion of one nation as if it were unique? Is not the religious sentiment a supreme revelation of the essential unity of humanity, and the ultimate basis of brotherhood?

Exactly, but the very fact that religion is the creative impulse of humanity promises variety of form, of accent and expression. While humanity is one, in the economy of progress a distinctive mission and message is assigned to each great race, for the fulfilment of which it is held accountable before the bar of history. Naturally, in the working out of that destiny the impulse common to the race is given form, colour and characteristic expression by the social, political and intellectual environment in which it develops. Thus the religion of Greece with its myriad gods, albeit springing from the same impulse as that of Egypt, is yet different. And the modern man looks with a new wonder upon the various costumes in which the religious sentiment has appeared in different ages and nations, and rejoices in its variegated life as adding infinitely to its picturesque reality and philosophic interest.

By the same token, no one can read the story of mankind aright unless he sees that our human life has its basis and inspiration in the primary intuition of kinship with God. The state, not less than the church, science equally with theology, have their roots in this fundamental reality. At the center of human life is the altar of faith and prayer, and from it the arts and sciences spread out, fanwise, along all the avenues of culture. The temples which crowned the hills of Athens were works of art, dreams come true in stone; but they were primarily tributes to the gods — the artistic genius finding its inspiration and motif in religious faith. Until we lay firm hold of the truth of the essential religiousness of human life, we have no clue to its meaning and evolution. So and only so may anyone ever hope to interpret the eager, aspiring, prophetic life of America, whose ruling ideas and consecrating ideals have their authority and appeal by virtue of an underlying religious conception of life and the world.

For, it becomes increasingly manifest that this republic of ours — this melting-pot of all nations an races — has its own unique and animating spirit, its mission, and its destiny to fulfill. Just as to the Greeks we owe art and philosophy, to the Hebrews the profoundest religion, to the Romans law and organization, and to the Anglo-Saxons laws that are self-created from the sense of justice in the people; just so this nation has a distinct contribution to make to the wealth of human ideals. America is not an accident. It is not a fortuitous agglomeration of exiles and emigrants. Nor is it a mere experiment to test an abstract dogma of state. It is the natural development of a distinct life — an inward life of visions, passions, and hopes embodying itself in outward laws, customs, institution ways of thinking and ways of doing things — a mighty spiritual fact which may well detain us to inquire into its meaning. Because we are carving a new image in the pantheon of history it behooves us to ask whether or not from this teeming, multitudinous life there is not emerging an interpretation of religion distinctively and characteristically American. In a passage of singular elevation both of language and of thought, Hegel explains why he did not consider America in his Philosophy of History, written in 1823:

"America is the land of the future, where, in the ages that lie before us, the burden of the world's history shall reveal itself. It is the land of desire for all those who are weary of the historical lumber-room of old Europe. It is for America to abandon the ground on which hitherto the history of the world has developed itself. What has taken place in the new world up to the present time is only an echo of the old world — the expression of a foreign life; and as a land of the future, it has no interest for us here, for, as regards history, our concern must be with that which has been and that which is."

Written by a great thinker who studied the history of the world as an unfolding of the divine life of man, and who searched every age for the footprints of God, those words are truly memorable. They are a recognition of the unique and important mission of our republic, and its unescapable responsibility in the arena of universal history. Much has happened since Hegel wrote, and the drama of our national destiny, as so far unfolded, is a fulfilment of his prophecy, as witness these words wherein one also of our own poets has set that history to music:

"This is the new world's Gospel: Be ye men!
Try well the legends of the children's time;
Ye are a chosen people, God has led
Your steps across the desert of the deep
As now across the desert of the shore;
Mountains are cleft before you as the sea
Before the wandering tribes of Israel's sons;
Still onward rolls the thunderous caravan,
Its coming printed on the western sky
A cloud by day, by night a pillar of flame;
Your prophets are a hundred to one
Of them of old who cried, 'Thus saith the Lord';
They told of cities that should fall in heaps,
But yours of mightier cities that shall rise
Where yet the lowly fishers spread their nets
The tree of knowledge in your garden grows,
Not single, but at every humble door."

THE RELIGIOUS QUALITY OF AMERICA

What, then, is the quality of the religious America as it has revealed itself in our national life? Socrates was right when he said that the real religion of Greece was not to be found in its temples. Emerson made a like remark with respect to the religion of England. Just so, much of the theology taught among us, even today, was transplanted to our shores from lands and times alien to our own, and, if taken literally, it would be incompatible with our fundamental national principles. It was the product of minds whose only idea of the state was that of an absolute monarchy, a shadow of vanished empires, a reminiscence of ages when the serfdom of the people and the despotism of constituted authorities were established conditions. Its idea of God, of man, of salvation are such as would naturally occur to the subjects of a monarchy, and this may be one reason why they hardly touch the actual life of men in our land. Fortunately our fathers kept their theology and their politics apart, seemingly unaware of the conflict between them. If Puritanism crystallized in grotesque forms about the idea of conscience, the genius of the Cavaliers was individualism. Out of these apparently antagonistic ideals, nurtured each upon its own soil within our national domain, has come that life which is destined to embody the religious spirit in a form peculiar to America. So that, if we would know the theology of America, to say nothing of its religion, we must go further than to the creeds of our churches, and find it in the life of the people, their temper, spirit and character.

Obviously, if we are to know the religion of America we must seek it in the Spirit of America, and what may that spirit be? Here we find an unusual diversity of judgment, both among native and foreign students, but they fall into two general classes. There are those who tell us that we are a crude, sordid folk, sodden in materialism, and others who are equally sure that we are a race of incurable idealists. Let us hasten to admit that both classes of our critics are right, and that it is precisely this blending of self-interest with other-selfness, this robust realism working on a basis of the ideal, seeking to make tangible the unbrought grace of life and its finer values, which constitutes the chief glory of our nation. What idealism alone leads to and ends in, India shows us. What its opposite results in, some think they see in the unimaginative, scientific efficiency of Germany. These two must be held together, that so our materialism may incarnate our idealism, and our idealism consecrate and transfigure our materialism.

Because this is so, because our national spirit has this dual aspect, it is a blunder to leave either element out of account in the interpretation of our history. Historians are apt to emphasize the purely material causes of our national growth, interpreting it as a matter of chance, of geographical environment, or, as is now the fashion, of economic necessity. Thus we find the grand traits of New England character attributed to the harsh climate, to sterile soil, to hostile conditions, while the Revolution and the Anti-Slavery movements are held to have been primarily commercial in their motives. It is not true. While no one can deny the influence of geography and industries, it is little short of blasphemy to overlook those deeper causes those glowing sentiments that have touched the hearts and fired the souls of our people. America is a land of commercial opportunity, but our hearts are not in our ledgers and our aspirations are not expressed in profits. What really rules this nation is a passionate attachment to the ideals of freedom and fraternity; and the soul of our people finds voice, not in the record of bank clearings, but in the far-flung visions of our national poets and heroes.

Stephen Graham, having followed the Russian pilgrimage to the Holy City, came with the poor emigrants to America, and tells us that it was a journey from the most mystical of all lands to the most material. And yet, if we take Tolstoi as the typical man of Russia, of its strength and gentleness, and its strange lights and shadows, and place him alongside Lincoln, the most typical man of America, who will say that America is not also a land of mysticism? Indeed, when Lincoln fell fifty years ago, it was Tolstoi who said, "He was a Christ in miniature." To say that America is idealistic is only another way of saying that it is instinctively and intensely religious; that our national life is rooted in spiritual reality; and this profound religiousness has touched our history to finer issues, turning an almanac of prices into an Epic of Humanity — nay, into a chapter in the very biography of God.

Consider now the religious meaning of the basic ideas and aspirations of our American life. Before there was an American republic, thinkers in other lands had wrought out the gospel of liberty, equality, and fraternity as a speculative thesis; but our fathers proceeded from theory to practice, and that, too, with an unshakable faith in human nature. Holding that government must be by the people and of the people, they ceased theorizing and brought forth on this continent a nation dedicated to the truth that man has as inalienable right to be free-trusting the free man to guard his freedom and to find in his freedom the solution of whatever problems may arise. That is to say, they reversed the theological teaching of ages, and risked the fate of our nation on faith in the essential goodness of human nature and its kinship with God! Surely he is blind who does not see how radical is the religious meaning of this first principle of our American theology. America is a symbol of confidence in human nature; it assumes the inherent divinity and sacredness of man, and our history has justified that faith.

A HIDEOUS DOGMA

Since this is a government of the people, the hideous dogma of the state as an abstract entity, a collective fiction, leading a life of its own, above and beyond that of the men who compose it — the frightful dogma which makes the state a kind of mortal God who can do no wrong, an irresponsible Moloch whose necessity is law, and to which liberty and right are to be sacrificed — has no place in America! Thank God we know nothing of the atheism that the state must do what it has to do, law or no law, right or no right, and that reasons of state justify anything, no matter how infernal! No, we are the state, and if our nation is guilty of a crime, each of us is guilty, in his degree, of that crime. America, by the very genius of its national faith, repudiates the political infamy of Machiavelli and all his ilk, holding the moral law to be as binding upon the state as it is upon the life of the individual man. In other words, our fathers took God into account and had respect for His eternal moral order, when they founded this republic, basing it, as they did, upon a religious conception of life and the world.

Foreign critics have often pointed out how visionary and unworkable such a principle is: nevertheless it works. To be sure, it has its inconveniences at times. As Gerrit Smith used to say, living in an autocracy is like taking a voyage on a great ocean liner, and sailing smoothly over the sea. Its appointments are perfect, its service delightful, but we have nothing to do with the running of it. Whereas, living in a republic is like riding on a raft. It is less comfortable, our feet are wet half the time, and we have a lot of trouble — but we run the raft! Carl Schurz, in his talks with Bismarck, put it in another way. In a monarchy, he said, details are well handled but the general tendency is wrong. In a republic the details may be muddled, but the general trend and direction are right, and he thought it better to be right in great matters even if we handle the details of national life unskilfully, than to be efficient in minor matters and wrong fundamentally.

Always, a new idea of man implies and involves a new conception of God. It was natural for the men who bowed low when the glittering chariot of Caesar swept along the streets of Rome to think of God as an omnipotent Emperor, ruling the world with an arbitrary and irresponsible almightiness. For men who live in this land of the free such a conception of God is a caricature. The citizens of a republic do not believe that God is an infinite autocrat, nor do they bow down to divine despotism; they worship in the presence of an Eternal Father, who is always and everywhere accessible to the humblest man who lifts his heart in prayer. Republican principles necessarily involve faith in the Fatherhood of God. The logic of the American idea leads to faith in a Divine Love universal and impartial, all-encompassing and everlasting. Mayhap we find here a hint why so many men, like Lincoln and Hay, have lived outside the church, not because they were irreligious, but because the theology of the church is not in accord with the theology of the republic.

Also, America, itself a realized vision, is another name for Brotherhood. By a process of assimilation we have admitted men from all the nations of the earth into our national fraternity, extending to them the right of equal suffrage and citizenship. They walk with us along our avenues of trade; they sit with us in our legislative halls; they worship with us in our temples. Americans all, each race brings some rich gift of enterprise, idealism, and tradition, and all are loyal to our genius of liberty under wise and just laws many races without rancour, many faiths without feud. How many of us here today could repeat the words of John Hay:

"When I look to the springs from which my blood descends, the first ancestors I ever heard of were a Scotchman who was half English and a German woman who was half French. Of my more immediate progenitors, my mother was from New England and my father from the South. In this bewilderment of origin and experience, I can only put on the aspect of deep humility in any gathering of favourite sons, and confess that I am nothing but an American."

Thus we are giving an actual illustration of the Brotherhood of Man — an illustration that is also a prophecy. Here the genius of America is one with the teachings of all true religion, since the spirit of fraternity is the essence of both — having its springs in Love, its attainment in Sacrifice, and its mission in Service. May this spirit grow and flourish to the confounding of all inhumanity! America knows nothing of a Slavic race, nothing of a Teutonic race, nothing of a Saxon race, but only the Human race, one in origin and destiny, as it must be one in a great fellowship of sympathy and service. No wonder the religious spirit of America is victoriously optimistic. As James Bryce said, American patriotism is itself a religion, in its confidence in the ultimate triumph of its principle, and in its conviction that this nation has a mission as an evangelist of liberty and fraternity among men — as truly as the Hebrew had a mission of righteousness to the ends of the earth. Of the influence of this spirit upon theology, a great Frenchman has said:

"In a country where everything succeeds, where at the feast of life there is room for all, where every man sits by his fireside in peace, believes what seems true to him, and worships God in every way his heart loves best, it must be difficult to conceive of a heaven with a narrow gateway and a salvation limited to a few. The American is therefore naturally an optimist."

Such is the religious spirit as it has revealed itself in this land, coloured by the genius of republic, and the social, industrial and political conditions under which our nation has grown — a faith profound and fruitful, hearty, wholesome, joyous, facing the future with a soul of adventure, often beshadowed but never eclipsed, sometimes retarded but never defeated. If it is revolutionary, it is also redeeming, lifting humanity out of despotism into liberty, demanding the right of every man to stretch his arms and his soul, to seek that truth by which no man was ever injured, and to look up from the lap of Mother Earth into the face of God the Father, and climb "upward through law and faith to Love." It is a great and simple faith in God and man, in the law of right and the golden rule of love; it is religion of the future, vital with the vitality of the universe, the spirit of God moving in the heart of a great people — Emmanuel!

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WHO IS SWINGING THE AXE IN YOUR DISTRICT?

"'Is education a profession or a mission?' If any of you have any axes to grind, you had better leave them outside before you enter the hall.

" 'The progress of education is,' Dr. Jacks states, 'being seriously retarded at the present time by a number of ax-grinding interests with which it has somehow got itself associated. First of all there is the political ax, then the economic ax, and a third, more difficult to name, called the religious ax....

" 'Education, as it is now beginning to be understood, includes the whole culture of the citizen, his character as well as his intellect, his ideals in life as well as his technical aptitude. A certain effect of giving education its proper place in public life will be to raise the personnel of public life all round....

"'Nor will they get the best teachers in the elementary schools so long as that impression remains, which reduces teaching to one of the most dismal and uninspiring avocations pursued by man.' . . .

"We are beginning to wake up to the fact that education is co-extensive with the whole of a man's life and that fact is causing a tremendous revolution. The establishment of continuation schools and the movement for adult education, which is going ahead with a rapidity we do not realize, are significant of the profound change in the public mind as to the whole meaning and scope of education. In other words, the truth is beginning to dawn that unless education is kept up, it is not education at all. Therefore the education to begin with must be one that can be kept up, or it is not education. From the very beginning the eye of the teacher must be fixed on the whole life which he is beginning to teach....

" 'Of all vocations,' said Dr. Jacks, 'it seemed to him that that of the teacher ought to be the most delightful, the most inspiring and the most romantic, and it would come the most delightful when its true significance had been grasped by the public.' "

— Dr. L. P. Jacks, Oxford

— M.S.A. Bulletin No. 8.

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IN HOC SIGNO VINCES

Bro. Douglas D. Martin

Editor, The Detroit Masonic News

Comes the tramp of feet to the drums' dull beat
And the flash of plume and steel,
As with martial tread, 'neath a Cross of Red
The ranks of the Templars wheel.

See the ancient sign of an honored line,
Half white — half black as hate,
That de Bouillon reared and the Moslem feared
At the old Damascus gate.

Hear the battle song of a day long gone
When the Templars drew their steel,
That the Cross might stand in the Holy Land—
Though they died for their high ideal.

As in days of old when their fraters bold
Went forth in faith to die,
So they march today in their brave array,
The Cross of their creed held high.

In knightly endeavor, striving forever
To merit their frater's fame;
Oh, honor their pride, who have never denied
Their love for their Captain's name.

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THE AMERICAN MASONIC FEDERATION AND ITS CLAIMS TO HIGHER DEGREES

By Bro. Charles C. Hunt, Iowa

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IN MY former article I considered the case of Thomson's so-called American Masonic Federation principally from the standpoint of the Craft degrees. Mathew McBlain Thomson, however, in 1900, before the organization of the American Masonic Federation, had formed a Council to work what he called the Scottish Rite degrees, from the fourth up. He claimed to have authority to do this by virtue of a charter issued to him on the second day of April, 1898, by the "Scottish Grand Council of Rites," and which reads as follows:

The Peter Spence who signed this patent was a member of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and thus a semblance of authority was given to Thomson by this instrument. Later, Peter Spence withdrew from the so-called Grand Council of Rites, that body having been declared to be clandestine by the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and thus Thomson lost whatever colour of title he may have had to these degrees. For it must be remembered that this so-called patent was the only authority he had or claimed to have for this purpose.

In connection with this patent, Thomson traces his Chain of Title to the higher degrees as follows:

It seems strange that one with Thomson's intelligence could have called this a Chain of Title. Even as it stands it is very vague and the inferences drawn from it are by no means sound, even if the statements made are accepted as true, which we cannot do.

It is true that Mother Kilwinning lodge was the great chartering lodge of Scotland, and that in 1779 she chartered a lodge in Dublin. But this charter granted authority to confer the Craft degrees only, and although this Dublin lodge did as a matter of fact, confer the Templar degrees, the authority to do so, if it existed at all, came from other sources. In fact, on at least three occasions, that is in 1811, 1813 and 1827, being applied to in regard to the Templar degrees, Mother Kilwinning Lodge asserted that "The brethren of Kilwinning Lodge have never gone further in practice than three step Masonry."

HIS TEMPLAR CLAIMS FALL TO PIECES

It should be noted that while Thomson traces the Templar degrees through Mother Kilwinning, by way of Ireland, back to Scotland, he does not make a consistent chain. He states that through Mother Kilwinning was formed the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar of Ireland, but he traces the Scotch Templars from the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland, whose source he does not trace, nor does he show any connection between the two Encampments he mentions.

D. Murray Lyon, whom Thomson recognizes as an authority on Masonry in Scotland, says that the Order of Knights Templar "was introduced into Edinburgh in 1798 by brethren serving in a regiment of English Militia, then quartered in that city, under a warrant emanating from Dublin. In all probability it was in virtue of a dispensation from this Military Encampment that the first Grand Assembly of Knights Templar was set up in the Scottish metropolis. It was constituted in 1906 under an Irish charter, and in 1810 it originated a scheme for instituting a Supreme Court of the Order in this country."

He does not trace it to Mother Kilwinning or to the Dublin lodge chartered by Mother Kilwinning, nor is the Templar body referred to by him the same body from which Thomson claims a charter.

The fact is that prior to 1909 there were two bodies claiming to control the Templar degrees in Scotland. It is not necessary to consider the question as to which had the best claim to regularity, because the two united on April 3, 1909. It is, however, a fact that the one mentioned by Lyon was generally recognized throughout the Masonic world while the one to which Thomson belonged was not.

Sometime after the union of these two bodies some of Thomson's associates brought suit in the Supreme Court of Scotland to have the amalgamation set aside. The Court, however, held the union valid, and in rendering opinion, among other things, said:

Thomson claimed to have power and authority from the Grand Encampment of Scotland to form encampments in the United States and elsewhere. This was not the case since as stated above, the only authority from Scotland which Thomson was able to produce was the patent from the so-called Grand Council of Rites, and this Grand Council did not have, or claim to have, any authority over the Templar degrees.

Thomson published in his magazine, "The Universal Freemason," in 1911, the report of the Grand Commander to the Council of Rites at its meeting held in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1910. In this report it was stated that the Grand Lodge of Scotland, the Supreme Royal Arch of Scotland, and the Grand Encampment of Scotland had each certain Masonic degrees over which it had control, and that there was no conflict between them and the Grand Council of Rites. The statement continues: "These Supreme Masonic jurisdictions, like our own Council, are all separate and distinct bodies and do not cross or conflict with each other." This being so, the patent from the Grand Council of Rites, even if it were recognized as a regular body, could not grant authority to confer the Templar degrees.

SCOTTISH GRAND COUNCIL OF RITES

In regard to the Grand Council of Rites from which he claimed authority, Thomson has the following to say.

From this it will be seen that even in his own account he admits that the Grand Council of Rites had no authority over the Craft, Royal Arch or Knight Templar degrees, and that with the bodies working these degrees "it had neither the right nor inclination to interfere." It will be noted however that the Grand Council of Rites does claim jurisdiction over practically all Masonic degrees except those of the Craft, Royal Arch and the Temple. It will, therefore, be well to consider briefly the nature of this organization and its claims to recognition.

Practically all we know about it is information furnished by Thomson himself or men associated with him. D. Murray, Lyon does not mention it in any of his writings. Gould refers to it, but is careful to say that his information comes from Mathew McBlain Thomson. Waite mentions it, but questions the source of his information and says it is "frankly partisan." If it had any standing at all in Scotland, some reference to it would have been found in the writings of D. Murray Lyon, as nothing of importance to Masonry in that country seems to have escaped his observation.

PERSONNEL OF GRAND COUNCIL OF RITES

Joseph Inglis, as Chairman of the Jurisprudence Committee of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, made an investigation of this body and found that it had no building of any kind, or any office in Scotland except the living rooms of its Secretary, Robert Jamieson, a time-keeper to a firm of engineers. The membership of this body is under fifty, consisting principally of enginemen and miners in and around Ayrshire, Scotland; quite decent fellows, according to Brother Inglis, but easily deceived in matters Masonic. It would seem that if this body was not organized by Thomson himself it had fallen under his influence to such an extent as to grant him anything he desired.

It is true, as stated by Thomson, that originally the degrees of the Chapter and Commandery were conferred under a lodge warrant. It is probably true that other degrees were also so conferred, but this practice did not long continue. At no time was it held that the Craft lodges had control of these degrees. The control was vested in those who had the degrees and the Craft charter authorizing them to meet as Master Masons was also used by them as authority to meet as Royal Arch Masons, Knights Templar, etc. Possibly this was because there was no general head over such degrees. Possibly it may have been because these degrees were considered an outgrowth of the Craft degrees, or it may have been because of numerical weakness. At any rate, as these degrees grew in favour the sentiment that each should have an organization of its own became so strong that Grand Chapters, Commanderies and Encampments were formed, and after the formation of such bodies, the degrees ceased to be conferred under lodge charters, it being generally recognized that the bodies formed by the possessors of the degrees alone had such control. It should be noted that such bodies were formed by the Masons who had certain definite degrees meeting and forming the organization to control those degrees. They were not formed by virtue of a charter from any other Masonic body.

Such an organization, after being regularly formed, was generally conceded to be the only authoritative body from which a charter to confer the degrees embraced in the organization could issue. The result was a multiplicity of organizations in addition to the Craft lodges, variously known as Lodges, Chapters, Commanderies, Priories, Councils, Conventions, Conclaves, Preceptories, Encampments, etc., of different kinds and degrees. Each of these had control of its own set of degrees, and each to a large extent was independent of the others.

This is one explanation of the growth of Masonic rites, in fact some writers define a Masonic rite as the arrangement of a number of Masonic degrees into a single system. Thus, we have the Capitular Rite, the Cryptic Rite, the Scottish Rite, etc.

A UNION SUGGESTED

Sometime about the middle of the nineteenth century a few Masons in England, among whom were Hughan and Gould, advocated the union of all these rites into a single system under the wing of a "Grand Council of Rites." This suggestion, however, was not seriously considered by the Masons of England, and there seems to have been no results from it, but these suggestions may have been the origin of the plan which Thomson later worked out.

Hughan in 1870 referred to a "Council of Rites" as working well in Ireland and Scotland but the organization he described was very different from the body which Thomson used in these later years. According to Hughan the Council of Rites of Scotland was simply a working agreement by which each Grand Body recognized the jurisdiction of the others, and that the degrees of each rite should follow each other in regular and recognized order. He says that in Scotland, "the Grand Lodge recognizes the three Craft degrees alone, including the Mark. The Grand Chapter gathers under its wing the degrees of Mark Master, Past Master, and Excellent Master, and requires them to be taken before the Royal Arch degree, which in turn is a prerequisite for Knight Templary. This same Grand Chapter issues warrants to work the Royal Arch Mariner and the Red Cross degrees. The 'Royal Order' must be joined before a candidate can be received into the degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Rite, and thus there is a gradation acknowledged throughout, and all the degrees, excepting the Mark, are kept apart from the Craft.

"In Ireland, the Grand Lodge displays much more system, and has developed, within the last few years, a most excellent method whereby to regulate and control all the degrees beyond the third. The Constitutions provide for the members not being permitted to wear any jewel, medal or device belonging to any order or degree beyond that of Master Mason (in which, however, the jewel of a Past Master of a lodge is included) in the Grand Lodge, and strictly prohibit as unlawful all assemblies of Freemasons in Ireland, under any title whatever purporting to be Masonic, not held by virtue of a warrant or constitution from Grand Lodge, or from one of the other Masonic bodies recognized by and acting in unison with it."

The bodies named by Hughan as recognized by the Grand Lodge of Ireland are: 1 — The Grand Lodge; 2 — Grand Royal Arch Chapter; 3 — Grand Encampment of Knights Templar; 4 — The Supreme Council, Ancient and Accepted Rite. The degrees of Masonry must be taken in the order named. Thus, the degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Rite could not be taken until the petitioner had received all the degrees of the Lodge, Chapter, and Commandery. There is also a system by which reports are made between the different bodies, so that brethren suspended, expelled or restored in one body can be similarly treated in the others.

It will be thus seen that the Council of Rites described by Hughan was an arrangement between the various Masonic bodies and not an independent organization controlling those bodies. Such an organization as Thomson described the Scottish Grand Council of Rites to be could only be formed by the virtually unanimous agreement of all the Masonic bodies concerned throughout the world. It certainly could not be formed by any organization, Masonic or otherwise, assuming control of Masonic degrees. It was because of the fact that the Scottish Grand Council of Rites did thus attempt to assume control over Masonic degrees that it was declared clandestine by the Grand Lodge of Scotland.

As to the Scottish Rite degrees proper Thomson claims that they originated in Scotland and were afterwards introduced into France by the Chevalier Michael Andrew Ramsay, where they were worked over into various rites, among them that of Perfection, which later grew into what he calls the clandestine branch of the Scottish Rite in America. It is impossible in this short article fully to state and answer his contention in regard to this, and I can only briefly say that his claim is that the American Scottish Rite came from France, not Scotland, while his authority came direct from Scotland and is the only regular branch of Scottish Rite Masonry.

SCOTTISH RITE DID NOT ORIGINATE IN SCOTLAND

In answer to this, it is perhaps enough to say, as was proved at Thomson's trial, that no one of the so-called higher degrees originated in Scotland, and that the only recognized branch of the Scottish Rite in Scotland, as in the rest of the world, descended from the Charleston body, and this branch entered Scotland by way of France.

Thomson, in "The Universal Free Mason," Volume 2, Page 100, says in regard to the various rites of Masonry:

Of the most of this it is sufficient to say that there is no evidence to support the statements here made, and even if they were true, it would give no authority for chartering bodies in any country where there were similar bodies already in control. As a matter of fact, the Grand Council of Rites assumed an authority it did not have even in Scotland, to say nothing of the other countries. Therefore, as stated above, it fell under the condemnation of the Grand Lodge of Scotland; and Masons under the jurisdiction of that Grand Lodge were forbidden to affiliate with it. Thomson and Jamieson held membership in lodges under the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and for continuing to be concerned in conferring clandestine Masonic degrees, were tried, found guilty and expelled from Masonry by that Grand body.

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HIGH SPOTS IN EDUCATION

"As one of the features of the national conference of school supermtendents, now in session in Chicago, the Institute for Public Service is staging its usual exhibit of what it calls 'high spots in education.' The schools of the entire country have been combed for material with the result that there is established a veritable clearing house of information and suggestion. Whatever is novel or important anywhere is illustrated by chart or model. Doubting Thomases who contend that parental interest in education is practically nil will find, for example, a series of posters showing cities and even countries in which every school has its parent-teachers association and one city school where 1400 fathers regularly attend 'fathers association' meetings. Other late developments to which the attention of educators is directed are improved systems of vocational guidance and training, the best methods of school publicity, adaption of radio equipment to school purposes, and the progress of the movement away from the little red schoolhouse and toward the central building to which the pupils are brought in busses. Special mention is also made of one suburban city which pays its elementary teachers $4500 a year and looks upon this unprecedented salary as a sound investment."

— The Christian Science Monitor, March 1922

— M.S.A. Bulletin No. 8.

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"NOT MADE WITH HANDS"

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MEMORIALS TO GREAT MEN WHO WERE MASONS

Bro. Geo. W. Baird. P.G.M., District of Columbia

SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON

SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON was the first Master of St. Patrick's Lodge in New York. He was born in County Down, Ireland, in 1715 or thereabouts; and died in Johnstown, N.Y., July 11th, 1774. Johnson was a brigadier general, a colonial officer, baronet, and one of the most picturesque figures in a colorful and exciting time. He came to this country at the behest of his uncle, Admiral Sir Peter Warren, who owned large estates in the valley of the Mohawk, and who was anxious to have his brilliant young nephew take charge of his holdings. Accordingly the young Johnson established himself in the Mohawk valley at a place which Sir Peter called Warrensburg, and which was about twenty-four miles from Schenectady.

Johnson, who was a trader by instinct, and who seemed to have a sixth sense with Indians, soon learned many dialects and won the respect and esteem of the tribes by his fair treatment and good faith. The Mohawk Indians adopted him with the title of sachem, and they gave him as his name Wariaghejaghe, which means in English, "He who has charge of affairs." When bickerings arose among the various Indian commissioners Governor Clinton of the colony appointed Johnson justice of the peace, made him colonel, and put him in military charge of the Six Nations.

In 1748 Johnson was given command of all colonial troops for the defense of the frontier, and proved to be an excellent organizer. In 1750 he was appointed a member of the Provincial Council. One of his most famous exploits as a leader among the Indians was in quieting their disturbances at Onondaga, at which time he acted under commission from the Governor.

Johnson built a home on the North side of the Mohawk river that became famous in the annals of colonial times: it was a great stone mansion built like a fortress: indeed it was fortified and it came to be called Fort Johnson.

Johnson was a delegate to the celebrated Congress at Albany in 1754; and he was a notable figure in the grand council held with the Indians on that occasion. General Braddock commissioned him "sole superintendent of the affairs of the Six Nations, their allies and dependents": later on he was created a major general. As major general he was made commander-in-chief of the Provincial forces in the famous expedition to Crown Point: and he was in command of the forces that defeated Baron Dieskau at Lake George (Johnson gave its name to that lake), which victory saved the colonies from the ravages of the French, prevented an attack on Oswego, and went far to undo the disastrous consequences of Braddock's defeat at Monongahela. Historians are of the opinion that the honors of the battle at Lake George were, in strict right, due to General Lyman, but Johnson was commander-in-chief and to him was accorded the glory of winning a conflict of strategic importance: the British Parliament created him a baronet and voted him 5,000 pounds in order to uphold the dignity of his new title.

In 1756 Baron Johnson received from George II a commission as "Colonial Agent and sole Superintendent of the Affairs of the Six Nations and Other Northern Indians," which office he held as long as he lived. It was at this same period that he and his Indian forces took part in the abortive attempt to relieve Oswego and Fort William Henry. A year later he was with Abercrombie at the repulse of Ticonderoga. After Prideaux was killed Johnson succeeded to the command and routed the French under General Aubrey. He was in command of the Indian forces in the defense of Amherst, and was present at the capitulation and surrender of Canada to the British. All this, in a way that I have not space here to describe, had much to do with the securing of intellectual, political and religious liberty in what later became the United States.

King George gave Sir William a tract of one hundred thousand acres of land north of the Mohawk: this was a Royal Grant, and came to be called "Kingsland." It is probable that the Six Nations would have joined Pontiac in his rebellion in 1763 if it had not been for Johnson's influence.

Sir William is to us Masons an interesting figure because he was a member of the Fraternity at a time when Masonic lodges reflected the crudeness and roughness of colonial days. He was, as I have already said, a very picturesque figure and in many ways his career was one of the most remarkable in our history. He was domineering, ambitious and bold as a buccaneer, afraid of nothing, and a lover of action; he despised the conventions of polite society and went his own way regardless of opinion. This is shown in his alliance with the famous Molly Brant, sister of the Indian Chief Joseph Brant who became a member of a Masonic lodge, so it is supposed, in England. Earl W. Gage has given an account of this in "The Journal of Masonic History" (vol. 3, page 429) which I shall quote: "In early boyhood he (Joseph Brant) became a favorite with Sir William Johnson and the laughing black eyes of his handsome sister, Molly Brant, so fascinated the rough baronet that he took her to Johnson Hall, as his wife. Sir William believed that Indians could be tamed and taught the arts of civilized life, and he labored with great energy, and not without some success in this difficult task."

In the battle at the head of Lake George, already mentioned, which occurred in 1755, Baron Dieskau, who had command of the French, was wounded and captured. Sir William Johnson took the distinguished captive into his own home and nursed him back to health. After Baron Dieskau returned to France he sent Johnson an elegant sword: the two enemies had become fast friends. In one of the skirmishes that led up to this battle Colonel Ephraim Williams was killed. After his death it was discovered that he had left his property to be used as an endowment fund for establishing a college. This was the way in which Williams College began. These incidents serve to show how thrilling was life in those early days.

Sir William Johnson gave great attention to agriculture and was the first to introduce sheep and blooded horses into the valley of the Mohawk. He lived like a lord and was hospitable to the limit. His grave is in St. John's Episcopal Church Yard, in the city of Johnstown, N.Y., and is marked by a very modest slab of marble on which his name is legibly inscribed.

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CHIEF JOSEPH BRANT'S MASONIC AFFILIATION

By a singularly happy coincidence three letters discussing the Masonic career of Chief Joseph Brant were sent to THE BUILDER at the time Brother Baird's article, printed above, was preparing for the press. They dovetail so interestingly into the story of Sir William Johnson that we insert them here as a kind of codicil to that story in preference to printing them in The Correspondence Department, for which columns their three authors prepared them. — Editor.

WAS BRANT MADE A MASON IN ENGLAND?

By Bro. A. D. Gibbs, New York

I have read with interest the story in the March BUILDER, page 71, by Brother Arthur C. Parker of New York on "American Indians in Freemasonry." He states that Chief Joseph Brant was a Mason and a member of St. Patrick's Lodge, of which Sir William Johnson was Worshipful Master.

St. Patrick's Lodge, No. 4 (originally No. 8), was chartered in 1766 by the Provincial Grand Lodge of New York, with Sir William Johnson as its Master. In Johnson Hall, at Johnstown, N.Y., which still stands, is a room equipped with ancient lodge furniture which the caretaker informs us is the original furniture of the lodge. It certainly bears every evidence of antiquity.

Sir William Johnson occupied this home until his death in the spring or summer of 1774. Sir William was married "by Indian custom" to Molly Brant, a sister of Chief Joseph Brant. Brant was, of course, a frequent visitor at the Johnson home and for a time acted as secretary to Sir William. It is well known that Brant was a Freemason and one would easily and naturally be led to believe that he was made a Mason in the lodge over which his "brother-in-law" presided as Master.

However, if we are to believe Masonic history, such is not the case. We are told in the Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, Revised Edition (Mackey & McClenachan), that Brant was made a Mason in London in 1776. Stone's "Life of Brant" informs us that Brant went to England late in 1775, and returned early in March, 1776. England, at that time, was desirous of securing the active support and assistance of the Indians of the Six Nations, and Brant was their leading chief. His support was necessary. While in London he was shown every attention and treated like royalty. His portrait was painted by a famous artist. If it is true that he was initiated in London, it is reasonable to suppose that his initiation formed a part of the honors extended to him by the British people. In any event, he returned to America thoroughly won over to the British cause. He was landed secretly near New York City and found his way through hostile country to Canada.

At this time, March 1776, Sir John Johnson, a son of Sir William, resided in Johnson Hall, where St. Patrick's Lodge is said to have held its meetings. Whether Sir John was an officer in this lodge I cannot say, but he was at that very time Provincial Grand Master of New York State, or Colony. Sir John was from the first an active Tory, and was at this time under parole to general Schuyler. In May, 1776, he broke his parole and fled to Canada, where he became Brant's superior officer and with Chief, now Captain Brant, conducted many raids on the Mohawk Valley. From May, 1776, to the close of the Revolutionary War Brant and Johnson entered the valley only as enemies of the patriots who remained. From this time on St. Patrick's Lodge must have been under the control of the supporters of the America cause, and Brant and Sir John would have hardly dared to try to meet on the level with the brethren regardless of Masonic ties.

Under these circumstances or facts, if they are facts, is it possible that Brant was ever a member of St. Patrick's Lodge at Johnstown? Brant resided in Canada after the war, outside of the jurisdiction of our Grand Lodge.

History records several instances where Brant heeded the sign of distress. There is no record showing that Rt. W∴ G∴ M∴ Sir John Johnson ever heeded any sign of distress, Masonic or otherwise. He waged ruthless and barbarous warfare against old friends, neighbors and Masonic brothers, many of whom must have been members of his own lodge.

It is, of course, possible that Brant may have taken some degree of Masonry in St. Patrick's Lodge before the war with England, and that further degrees were conferred in England. Unless this is the case, I don't see how he could have been a member of that lodge.

This subject and the history of St. Patrick's and other Mohawk Valley lodges are worthy of study and research, and I for one would appreciate more light on the subject.

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OLD-TIME ACCOUNTS OF BRANT

Bro. Arthur C. Parker, New York

I have been much interested in the letter from Brother Archie D. Gibbs, of Norwich, N.Y., relative to the Masonic affiliations of Captain Joseph Brant, the noted Mohawk Indian. Brother Gibbs mentions my "article" in the March number of THE BUILDER and questions my statement that Brant was a member of St. Patrick's Lodge of Johnstown, N. Y.

Permit me to state that the article quoted was sent to THE BUILDER merely as a letter replying to the questions raised by Brother Slane regarding American Indians who had been or were Masons. The subject of the letter was not especially concerning Joseph Brant I must confess that in my hurried writing, I accepted the popular tradition that Brant was a member of his brother-in-law's lodge, the current belief in which is natural enough.

Brother Gibbs suggests that Brant may have been a Mason in England. Upon looking over my files I fail to find any direct evidence of this, though the inferential and indirect evidence seems to point out that this is the fact.

In looking over "The Freemasons' Library and General Ahiman Rezon," by Samuel Cole, (Baltimore, 1826), I find the following quotation from the Hudson Whig, (N. Y.):

"The following interesting anecdote will illustrate the important influence of Freemasonry in the most distressing and eventful scenes of military life. At the battle of the Cedars, thirty miles above Montreal, on the St. Lawrence, Capt. M'Kinsty, of Col. Patterson's regiment of continental troops, was twice wounded, and taken prisoner by the Indians. His intrepidity as a partisan officer, had excited the fears and unforgiving resentment of the savages. They determined to put him to death. Already had the victim been bound to a tree and surrounded by the faggots intended for his immolation. Hope had fled; and in the agony of despair he uttered the mystic appeal which the brotherhood of Masons never disregarded; when, as if heaven had interposed for his preservation, the warrior Brandt interposed and saved him. The Indian Warrior had been educated in Europe; and had there been initiated in the mysteries of Freemasonry. Feeling the force of his obligation, he immediately preserved his brother's life, and ultimately obtained his ransom. Captain M'Kinsty died in June 1822." — Hudson Whig. (Undated).

The name M'Kinsty is a mispelling for McKinstry, and the spelling "Brandt" is used for Brant. To continue this story, I quote from the handbook of Hudson Lodge, (N.Y.), No. 7, and from a footnote on page 20:

"The history of Brother John McKinstry's wonderful escape from a horrible death has often been told. He was a captain in the continental army and being wounded at the Battle of Cedar, was captured by the Indians and carried away for torture by fire. He was bound to a stake and fire applied, when the Captain, in his extremity, although surrounded only by savages, made the grand hailing sign of distress of a Master Mason. This was seen and recognized by Thayendanagea, chief of the Mohawks, also known as Joseph Brant, who was a Mason. Brant instantly rushed to his assistance, rescued him from the flames (he is said to have ransomed him from his captors with an ox), took him to his wigwam and cared for him. Later he sent him to his home in safety. After the bitterness engendered by the war had passed away, Brother McKinstry was visited by Brant at his home in Greendale, opposite Catskill-on-the-Hudson. In 1805 he had the pleasure of sitting in this lodge (Hudson No. 7) with his red brother, on the spot still occupied by the lodge. (See minutes of communication, Dec. 16th, 1908)."

The subject of early Hudson and Mohawk valley lodges, cited by Brother Gibbs as worthy of further expansion, is an interesting one and should be treated in a special article. I have some notes along this line but feel that it is best not to treat of this in a letter.

Suffice to say, in conclusion, that Brother McKinstry remained an ardent Mason during the remainder of his life. He was one of the founders of Hudson Lodge. This lodge was chartered March 7, 1787, the charter being a copy of the famous "Athol Charter," devised by Prince John, Duke of Athol, Grand Master of Masons of England, of the Ancient York Grand Lodge.

The story of Joseph Brant, Indian warrior, British collegian, Tory raider, Anglican lay reader, Chief of the Mohawks, founder of a church and school, at once a savage and a gentleman, should be written for THE BUILDER. There is a splendid monument to Brant at Brantford, Ontario, and his grave closely hugs the walls of the church which he established and which Queen Anne endowed.

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BRANT'S ASSISTANCE TO MASONS IN DISTRESS

Bro. Alanson Skinner, Wisconsin

I regret that I cannot add very much to the able discussion of the Masonic career of Brother Joseph Brant given by Brothers Gibbs and Parker. I distinctly recall having run across a statement in some contemporary document to the effect that Brother Brant was made a Mason in England, and that, if I am not mistaken he visited a lodge on Staten Island, New York City, when the boat upon which he was returning was still lying off the Narrows. But I am unable to have access to any of the local historical documents which may contain this data, and I hate to trust my memory.

Brother Brant is said to have saved worthy distressed Brother Masons from his own warriors and their more savage Tory instigators at the famous Cherry Valley massacre, and it is further said, and generally credited, that when Lieutenant Boyd was captured by the Seneca during Sullivan's punitive expedition into the Iroquois country in 1778, Brant rescued him on hearing Boyd give the grand hailing sign of distress, and tried to save his life. However, during Brant's absence, the infamous Tory Colonel Butler ordered or permitted the Seneca to torture Boyd to death.

It seems to me that Brother Parker is of all Masons in the best position to obtain information on Brother Brant, for Brother Parker has at his command the resources of the New York State Museum and its library, besides the most intimate knowledge of the Iroquois, their history and customs of any man in America, unless it be Brother Wm. M. Beauchamp of Syracuse, N. Y. If either of these brethren can be persuaded to write the story of Brant for us, the Craft will be the richer in light and knowledge.

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AT THE BORO BOEDOR

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THE EGYPTIAN INFLUENCE ON OUR MASONIC CEREMONIAL AND RITUAL

BY BRO. THOMAS ROSS, P.G.M., NEW ZEALAND

(CONCLUSION)

PASSWORD

THE PASSWORD leading from one of the degrees is said to take its rise from a circumstance detailed in the Book of Judges that occurred in the early history of Israel. Although the meaning of the word is in Hebrew, synonymous with an ear of corn or a flood, yet the episode from whence the word arose gives no reason for using it, as we do, to denote plenty. If on the other hand, we turn to the characteristics attributed to the Egyptian goddess Isis, we find that she fills the conditions exactly. Isis was the Great Mother Goddess, she was also the goddess of Agriculture, of Corn, and of Maternity; she represented fruitfulness on land and sea and in the air, as the mother goddess she is shown full-breasted, the mother and nourisher of mankind; she was the tutelary deity of the husband-man and the sailor. Her misfortunes and sufferings, when nursing the child Horus, appealed to every Egyptian mother (see Fig. 17). Not only was she the mater dolorosa of Egypt, but she enlisted the sympathies of the Roman mothers and Italian painters delighted to do her honour centuries after, though under a totally different name (see Figs. 18 and 18a).

Isis was best known in Asia and Europe, as a corn goddess, under the names of Ceres, Cybele and Demeter, and always we find her portrayed with the ear of corn, the sign of plenty. In the Vatican there is a statue of Isis, with the child Horus standing by her side. You will observe the sculptor has departed considerably from the Egyptian model (see Figs. 19 and 19a). Isis is now the Roman Matron and Horus is now Harpocrates, the Roman God of Silence. In her right hand she holds the sistrum, in the left a jar of water, the sun and the crescent moon is on her head and her robe is trimmed with ears of corn.

In a mural painting in Pompeii we find her as Demeter, seated, a basket of corn on her arm, while with her left hand she supports a torch, emblem of the heat that produces fruitfulness (see Fig. 20). As Ceres we have her standing with a sheaf of corn on her right arm, supporting a torch in her left hand, while her headdress is a coronet made from ears of corn. A relief from Athens shows her seated on a throne holding the disk in her left hand, while in her right there is a basket of corn. At her side is a lion, symbol in Egypt of the sun's heat and strength (Figs. 21 and 22).

When we consider the universality of the worship of Isis, as the mother goddess and goddess of fruitfulness, is it not a fair assumption to make that Isis, who was believed to cause the waters of the Nile to rise and thus bring abundant harvest, would be the password carried away by our Hebrew brethren when they departed from Egypt? Any of the pictures of Isis, Ceres, Cybele (and you must note the similarity of sound with the word), would be in exact accord with an ear of corn near to water — meaning plenty.

PENALTIES

In the Book of the Dead there are many passages referring to the penalties meted out to those who fail in their obligation to the Great Architect. The fear of mutilation of the body and its several parts made the Egyptians exceedingly attentive to the embalming and preserving, not only of the body itself but also of the bowels. They were taken out of the body and after being mummified, were put into four jars and placed in the tomb alongside the mummy. These vessels were called Canopic jars: they had as lids the distinguishing emblems of the four sons of Horus — the head of an ape, a man, a jackal and a hawk — and represented the four cardinal points, N. S. E. W. (Fig. 23).

When we read that the goddess Sekhet "tears out the bowels and kicks them into the fire," we can readily understand the care and caution the Egyptians would exercise against the calamity of having the bowels burnt to ashes, and these ashes scattered to the four cardinal points by having them deposited in these receptacles.

The following quotations are from the Book of the Dead: "Let not my head be cut off, let not my brow be slit."-Chap. xe. "Let not my head be taken off or my tongue torn out — Chap. xc. "Take ye not this heart into your grasp." — Chap. xxvii. "Let not my heart be torn away from me, let it not be wounded, and may neither wounds, nor gashes, be dealt upon me." — Chap. xxix. B. Many more quotations could be given, but these are sufficient to show the close connection between the Egyptian religion and our ritual.

PERAMBULATIONS

The processions referred to in the religious texts are all in one direction and follow the course of the sun in the northern hemisphere from E. to S., S. to W. and W. to N. The Book of the Am Tuat, or underworld, a companion work to the Book of the Dead, teaches that the sun god died every day at sunset, that he was carried in the divine bark through an underground river or passageway during the twelve hours of night, at the twelfth hour he was reborn when he emerged in the eastern horizon to take up his daily round in the firmament. During these twelve hours he went through twelve regions, each of which was guarded by doors. At every door wardens were stationed, described as "the gods who open the gates to the great soul." On approaching the gate the word was given, when these wardens were commanded to "open the doors and unfold the portals of the hidden place."

The sixth division is the domain of Osiris (Fig. 24), where may be seen the outer and inner doors guarded by wardens. The corridors are swept by fire, and in the interior sits Osiris, judge of the dead and "Lord of Hades, Earth and Heaven."

In each large city and town there was a circular lake called the Sacred Lake, and round its shores the divine bark was towed, where these rites, merged with those of Osiris, were practised on initiates to the mysteries.

THE APRON

The apron was the badge of authority in Egypt, and was worn by the king as head of the priesthood when performing the religious ceremonies in the temple, and as Grand Master when assisting at the initiatory rites in the mysteries. On these occasions it was looked upon as the distinctive badge of his office. In the temples and tombs there are quite a number of drawings of the Grand Master's apron, all bearing solar emblems. Fig. 25 shows Seti I being brought before Osiris. You will observe that the king, in addition to the apron, wears a collar denoting his rank. Fig. 26 shows several different aprons indicating the high rank of the wearer.

In the apron of Rameses the Great, the sun, instead of being placed in the centre, is at both lower corners, while the rays converge towards the centre. If the apron of Seti and Rameses denote the higher offices in the craft, surely the humble plain white lambskin shown in Fig. 27 must represent the Egyptian Entered Apprentice. Well might it be said that "a Freemason's apron denotes an Order more ancient than the Golden Fleece or Roman Eagle."

SPRIG OF ACACIA

In a temple dedicated to Osiris, we have a relief of the tomb of Osiris, over which there grows the acacia tree (Fig. 28), in its branches sits the Bennu bird or Phoenix, emblem of immortality and symbol of the soul of Osiris, while in the left hand corner is the all-seeing eye, the hieroglyph for Osiris. A singular circumstance in connection with the Acacia is the fact that it is never pictured except near to the tomb or bier of Osiris.

FIVE-POINTED STAR

The most familiar of Masonic emblems, next to the square and compasses, is the five-pointed star, called in our ritual "the blazing star of glory in the centre." In the Egyptian writings the stars are always five-pointed, never six or seven or more.

The most important star in Egypt was the brightest in the heavens, Sirius, called by them Sothis. On the 21st July, when Sirius arose immediately before the sun, it marked the sidereal New Year; it also heralded the rise of the Nile. The sacred river, overflowing its banks, broke up the drought, brought fertility to the land, and thus provided food in abundance for man and beast.

In a chart of the stars (Fig. 29), found on the walls of the tomb of Seti I (B.C. 1326), the stars are five-pointed. Here Isis is identified with Sothis, as it was believed that the tears of Isis, shed over the misfortunes of Osiris, caused the Nile to rise. The constellations in the chart are difficult to identify, as the groupings and names are different from those in use today. Alongside of Isis is Osiris, to whom Orion was sacred, and to the left are two of the planets, these being led round the heavens by Isis and Osiris.

THE GAVEL

The hieroglyph for God is always written as a short-handled axe, and the word it stands for is Neter, or NTR (see Fig. 30). In one of the tombs we have Anubis, the god who attended the dead, bending over the mummy of the deceased, while the soul, winged and in the shape of a bird, hovers over the body, in one hand the crux ansata, emblem of eternal life, in the other the breath represented by a reel (see Fig. 31). The first and second lines of hieroglyphs in this scene simply spell the name of Anubis, or ANPU, while the third line reads ANPU, God, son of Osiris Ra the Great God. Here each time the word God is used the hieroglyph of the axe is written.

In the Book of the Dead we have two goddesses adoring the sacred disk of the sun god Ra on an axe (see Fig. 32). Now the question arises, Why should the axe be selected to represent divinity with its might and its power of authority? And to get a solution to that question we must go back to the earliest civilizations of prehistoric humanity, when men worshipped objects of nature, such as trees and stones and animals. When in process of time mankind began to use tools and used an axe to cut down trees, break stones and slay animals, they had at last found an instrument that was more powerful and mightier than the spirits that dwelt in the trees and the stones and the animals. This weapon would therefore eventually become an object of reverence. Not only that, but the strong man who would wield the axe most effectively would be looked upon as a demigod, and would in time be worshipped as the Great Axe-Bearer.

Be that as it may, the fact remains that from the earliest times the axe was always depicted as the hieroglyph and symbol for God, while the word NTR and variants of the spelling of this word, were employed to mean strength and power and authority, as may be seen in this extract from the Book of the Dead.

In one of the oldest writings we have an illustration of an early king of the First Dynasty, King Ten, dancing before the god Osiris and carrying, in addition to the sceptre of royalty, the axe, the emblem of power and authority.

Operative masons in Egypt never used the gavel to knock off superfluous knobs and excrescences, but always a chisel, which was struck by a wooden mallet.

Many of the mallets have been found in the tombs and may be seen today in a few of the museums of Europe (Fig. 33).

In the tombs at Thebes there are numerous illustrations of operative masons dressing large stones with the mallet and chisel (Fig. 34).

In a tomb at Amada Colonel Villiers Stuart found a very fine scene of Amunoph II who lived 1550 B. C. (about the time of the incident of Joseph and his brethren). The painting shows the king seated on his throne attended by courtiers waving a fan and holding up a standard representing a sun. In his hand the king holds the axe, an implement similar to the gavel which is placed in the hands of the Worshipful Master as an emblem of power and authority when installed in the chair of King Solomon (Fig. 35).

THE HIRAMIC LEGEND

In turning to the Bible the story of Hiram Abif is extremely meagre, while the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, so clearly laid down as a landmark in Freemasonry, is, to say the least hazy and ambiguous. "The dead know not anything, neither have they any more a reward. (Ecc. ix. 5). "As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away so he that goeth down to the grave shall come up no more." — (Joh. vii. 9). "All flesh shall perish together, and man shall turn again into dust" — (Joh. xxxiv. 15).

"The dead praise not the Lord, neither any that go down into silence." — (Ps. cxv. 17). These and many other passages that might be quoted appear to point to death as being the end of all things.

The great prototype of Hiram Abif was Osiris, the Egyptian god-man. When Osiris was born a voice was heard to come from heaven: "The lord of all the world has come." Plutarch, in his "Osiris and Isis," tells us that when he obtained manhood he became King of Egypt, and applied himself towards civilizing his countrymen. He taught them useful industries, gave them laws, and instructed them in religion. Set, his brother, being apparently jealous of Osiris, entered into a conspiracy to take his life, "and leaving privily taken the measure of Osiris' body he caused a chest to be made exactly of the same size with it."

At a banquet Set, by a stratagem, got Osiris to lie down in this coffin, "upon which the conspirators immediately ran together, clapped the cover upon it, and then fastened it down on the outside with nails, pouring likewise melted lead over it. After this they carried it away to the riverside and conveyed it to the sea." Isis, the sister wife of Osiris, searched for the coffin, and in finding it she, by her magical powers, brought back to life the dead body of Osiris, who then became God of the Dead, King of the Underworld and Mediator between the Supreme Ruler of the Universe and Man.

From the dawn of Egyptian civilization until several centuries after the birth of Christ the story of the god-man who suffered and died and rose again was rehearsed in every temple in Egypt, while the initiates into the Egyptian mysteries underwent a symbolic death and raising as the humble representatives of Osiris.

In some of the tombs we see Osiris depicted in different aspects. Fig. 36 shows him first, as King of Egypt, with the sceptre of sovereignty in one hand and the crux ansata in the other; second, swathed in mummy form as Lord of the Underworld; third, as Judge of the Dead, wearing the cap of the underworld with the two ostrich plumes, and holding in his hands the sceptre and flail; fourth, similar in figure, but with the head of the Phoenix, emblem of the soul of Osiris; fifth, Osiris draped, and wearing a disk symbol of Ra, the sun god, with whom he is often identified; he also wears the ram's horns, with the Uraeus serpents, surrounded with disks, emblems of royalty; under the horns we have the tet, the emblem of stability, and one of the symbols of Osiris. The four horizontal lines in the tet represent the four cardinal points.

The hieroglyphics read: "Osiris, eternal ruler, lord of Abydos, lord of the ages, mighty one of the Elysian fields (heaven), and resident of the West": that is, of the dead, as in Egypt, from time immemorial, when a man died he went West. Those on the right read: "Osiris, son of Nut (the sky goddess), begotten by Set" (the earth god), or sun of heaven and earth, showing that he was both human and divine.

Osiris was called Lord of the Underworld because all who died had to appear before him to be judged for the deeds done in the body — and note that just as in a Masonic lodge all are equal meeting on the level — so in the judgment hall of Osiris a man was judged only according to his good or evil deeds, his birth, high or low, being the gift of the Creator, was unnoticed.

There are innumerable varieties of the portrayal of the judgment scene in the Book of the Dead, each artist giving his own conception of how it should be represented. In our picture (Fig. 37) the suppliant soul had been a doorkeeper in the temple of Amun Ra. Osiris is seated on a throne within a shrine, upheld by beautiful lotus pillars, where he is attended by his sister goddesses, Isis and Nepthys, while before him, standing on a lotus, are the four children of Horus already referred to.

Thoth, the scribe of the gods, records the judgment on a pallet with a pen, the verdict being, "His heart has come out of the balance sound, no defect has been found in it." Anubis, the jackal-headed god, who watches over the dead, says: "I watch over the weighing." In one of the scales is the heart of the deceased in a vase-shaped vessel (the hieroglyph for heart), while in the other is the emblem of Maat, the goddess of truth and uprightness. Seated on a phylon is the devourer or eater of the dead, who watches ever ready to destroy those who are weighed in the balance and found wanting. Behind all is Horus bringing in the deceased, this time accompanied by his wife.

Along a frieze at the top there are generally shown seated the forty-two assessors of the dead, who are each one a representative judge of the forty-two cardinal sins a good Egyptian was expected to avoid. This part is called the negative confession, and the soul was supposed to address each one of these assessors by name and deny committing the particular sin of which he was the judge.

The addresses were after this style: "Hail thou from Annu, I have not done iniquity. Hail thou from Kher Aha, I have not robbed with violence. I have not committed theft. I have not made light the bushel. I have not uttered falsehood. I have not defiled the wife of any man. I have not committed any sin against purity." And so on throughout the whole forty-two. If the soul was found pure in heart he was admitted to a material heaven, where, as we have already seen, he was entitled to receive every comfort dear to the heart of an Egyptian.

Osiris was not only judge of the dead, he was also identified with the Sun God Ra; he was the god of agriculture and the personification of the vivifying powers of nature; while Isis, as his divine consort, was the universal Mother Goddess, the Corn Goddess, and the type of reproduction and generation. On these two great Egyptian deities were founded the whole system of the Egyptian mysteries. The search for, the finding, and the rating of the body of Osiris, was the heart and kernel of the Isis cult.

On the 25th December every year there was an important festival of Isis, when the whole of Egypt was plunged into deepest distress and despair. The ceremonies commenced with an impassioned lamentation over the death of Osiris, and the search for his body, and on the third day, the finding of the body by Isis was celebrated with great rejoicing.

In the temples we have pictures of the raising of Osiris (Figs. 38, 38a and 38b), which are undoubtedly part of this great ceremony. In one we have Osiris lying in his bier, at the head kneels Isis, while at the foot is a frog, signifying the resurrection. The early Christians seem to have adopted the frog as this symbol, a lamp being found in a Christian church with the figure of a frog and the Greek words, "I am the resurrection." There also hovers over Osiris, two hawks or eagles. The bier of Osiris is always in the form of a lion, so that we have here the eagle's claw and the lions paw.

In the next scene we have Osiris being attended to by Anubis, the guardian of the dead with Isis at the foot and Nepthys at the head. Behind Anubis stands a frogheaded god, figuratively the deity who presided over the resurrection or raising. In the third scene we have the ceremony of the raising completed — the officiating god presenting the newly-raised Osiris to Isis and Nepthys. In this picture there is also the tet, or emblem of stability, representing the four cardinal points signifying that Osiris is now established to stand firm for ever throughout the four quarters of the globe.

Many learned Roman and Grecian writers, who visited Egypt from the fourth century B.C. to the third century A.D., were initiated into the Egyptian mysteries, but so strictly were they bound by the penalty of their obligation that little of the ritual can be gleaned from their writings. Herodotus, who visited Egypt about 360 B.C., writes: "They have also at Sais the tomb of a certain personage, whom I do not think myself permitted to name. Near this there is a lake, upon which there is represented by night the accident which happened to him whom I dare not name. The Egyptians call them their mysteries. Concerning these, at the same time that I confess myself sufficiently informed, I feel myself compelled to be silent." We see from this that even the name Osiris was forbidden to be uttered to the profane, it being apparently one of the secret words.

"Herodotus states again and again that the Grecian mysteries were borrowed from Egypt. It is a sufficient testimony to this that these religious ceremonies are in Greece, but of modern date, whereas in Egypt they have been in use from the remotest antiquity."

The Osiris-Isis mysteries appear to have been favourably received in Italy, a college of the servants of Isis having been founded in Rome about 80 B.C., and in 44 B. C. a temple was erected to the same worship.

In the year 105 B.C., at Puteoli, a temple was built for the worship of Serapis, a combination of the Osiris and Apis bull-worship. About the same time a temple was set up in Pompeii for the worship of Osiris-Isis (see Fig. 38c). This temple was destroyed by an earthquake, but was rebuilt, and was in use until the eruption of Vesuvius, when it was overwhelmed in the catastrophe that overtook Pompeii. The building as the visitor sees it today, shows the altar, pedestals, hall of initiation and hall of mysteries. In excavating this temple there were found two skulls (emblems of mortality), a marble hand and candlesticks, all of which had been used in the ceremonies attending initiations into the mysteries, which were performed with full dramatic effect.

Apuleius, a Latin writer of the second century A.D., and who was an initiate, says: "The initiation is conducted under the image of a voluntary death with the renewing of life as a gift from the deity." Speaking of his own experience he says: "I came to the borders of death, I trod the threshold of Isis (the underworld), then came back through all the stages to life; in the middle of the night I saw the sun shine brightly."

In 380 A.D. the Emperor Theodosius decreed that Christianity should be the state religion throughout the Roman Empire, and in 390 A.D. he ordered the destruction of the statue of Serapis worshipped in the Serapeum at Alexandria; yet in the year 457 A.D. Isis was worshipped in her temple at Philae on the Nile. And when in 577 A.D. this temple was converted into a Christian Church, the worshippers of the Isis cult petitioned the Governor of Egypt to leave them unmolested in their ancient rites and ceremonies. As this is the last we read of the Isis worship the question for us at this stage will be — granted that the Osiris-Isis cult and the rest of the Egyptian mysteries had much in common with the ceremonies of Freemasonry — how came they into the old Masonry practised in England, Scotland and Ireland some centuries ago? In reply let us bear in mind that during the first four centuries of the Christian era there was a constant communication between Rome and Britain, and there can be no doubt that the mysteries of Isis and Osiris and the worship of Serapis would be practised by the Roman pioneers who settled in Britain. Druidism, an earlier off-shoot of the Osiris Ra sun worship, had been in use from an early age, and to-day, in England, Scotland and Ireland, are found remains of those circular enclosures, proving that the Druids followed the sun's course in their processions.

After the fall of the Roman Empire there came into the south and east coast of Britain incursions of Scandinavians, Saxons and Norman-French, the latter bringing with them the new and better religion, so that today we have to seek in the highlands of Scotland Wales for survivals of the old sun-worship.

May Day, the harbinger of summer, when the sun; is beginning to warm the earth, was celebrated in England and Scotland for centuries. Many of us reared in the homeland will remember the rites of bathing in May dew, the ceremonies of the Maypole and its attendant rites. In Scotland the commencement of winter was observed with the quaint customs of Halloween.

Within the last century the Beltane or Baals fire was celebrated on 1st May, when from every prominent hilltop bonfires were lighted, while the people joined hands and danced in procession round the fire.

In the northeast coast of Scotland, in a town called Burghead, there was unearthed some fifty years ago a Roman bath in an excellent state of preservation. From time immemorial the inhabitants of this town on New Year's Eve (old style), with almost religious ceremonial, burn the clavie. The clavie, a barrelful of combustibles, is carried through the town, the glowing embers being thrown at every door to keep evil spirits away. When the clavie arrives at the harbour where old Roman galleys sheltered nearly two thousand years ago, a handful of corn is thrown into each ship to ensure prosperity throughout the coming year. The object of the custom and its meaning is lost in the obscurity of bygone ages — even the name clavie is a puzzle to archaeologists. Might not clavie come from the Latin clavis (a key), the unlocking of the mysteries of those early Roman colonists? The clavie was finally consumed on a freestone altar, and near this altar was discovered a freestone slab with the figure of a bull in relief (Fig 39). When we compare this drawing with the Apis bull (Fig. 40), worshipped by the Egyptians and Romans, we cannot fail but to be impressed with the striking likeness there is between the two, nor can we get away from the idea that the artist of the Burghead bull was acquainted with the rites of Serapis, and was trying to picture the Apis bull of Egypt. I think we may fairly deduce from these old customs that, in spite of the powerful influence of Christianity, the ceremonies of sun-worship and the rites of Isis had got so deeply interwoven with the life and customs of the people that it held until a few years ago a strong place in their affections.

In England and Scotland, for centuries previous to the formation of the three Grand Lodges, there were Masons' lodges where the sun's course, its position of rising, meridian and setting, were duly observed, where the vital parts of the Isis-Osiris mysteries were performed and where many of the penalties, signs, passwords and ceremonials observed were almost identical with those in use in the Book of the Dead and other works revealed to us by the Egyptian hieroglyphics.

In closing I venture to say that from the little I have placed before you we are quite justified in repeating the words laid down in our lecture: "The usages and customs of Freemasonry, our signs and symbols, our rites and ceremonies, correspond in a great degree with the mysteries of Ancient Egypt."

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THE STUDY CLUB

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THE TEACHINGS OF MASONRY

Bro. H. L. Haywood, Iowa

PART XIV — UNIVERSALITY

I

IN ALL the lore of Freemasonry nothing more appeals to the imagination of the young initiate than the story of how travellers have found Freemasons among the wilds, and how our mysteries have been discovered amid the most ancient peoples, in old China, in Central America, "in Egypt 40,000 years ago." These stories are as romantic as Kipling's bloody tale, "The Man Who Would be King," which is itself a hint of the universal existence of the Craft, because they appeal to the imagination, and conjure up the picture of a Fraternity which has always existed, and now exists everywhere. One must be on his guard against these stories, for it is fatally easy to fabricate them; if a man sets out to prove a theory he usually can dig up something somewhere to serve as evidence, like those

. . . "Learn'd philologists, who chase
A panting syllable through time and space,
Start it at home, and hunt it in the dark
To Gaul, to Greece, and into Noah's Ark."

But even so, many of the accounts of the universal diffusion of Masonic secrets and traditions are as well authenticated as anything we have, and are not to be despised, though a man be ever so high-brow a critic. And though they are to have each and everyone a question mark placed after them, they nevertheless serve to give to one's mind a kind of composite picture of the Universality of Freemasonry, than which there is no nobler theme inside the pale of the Great Teachings which it is now our province to be studying.

I believe that it is safe to say that now, at this present moment, and as a matter of fact, Freemasonry is Universal, — and that for many reasons.

It may be that the body of Freemasonry, as we know it, came into existence only two hundred years ago; but the soul of Freemasonry, its spirit, many of its principles and its symbols, have been among men from a time since which the memory of man runneth not to the contrary. In China, in the ruins of ancient Latin-American civilizations (I have just seen the carving of a Masonic apron — so it is interpreted by the authorities — on a plaque taken from a city of the Mayas that is several thousand years old, how many thousands I can't recall), throughout medieval Europe, among the so-called Dark Ages, in Ancient Rome, Greece, Egypt, and even in India, one may here and there encounter organizations, teachings, emblems, and symbols that are singularly like our own. Some things in our Fraternity have evidently existed everywhere and always.

This diffusion through past times is only equalled by the cosmopolitanism of Masonry as it now is. If one travels in the far north, in Siberia or in Alaska, he may encounter a Masonic lodge. If he goes into the Sandwich Islands (as at Papeete) or to the last reaches of southern Australia, he may come upon a building bearing the square and compasses. There are lodges in China and Japan, in the Malay Archipelago, in India, in the Balkans, and in the midst of Africa. Masonry has its center everywhere: its circumference nowhere.

The evolution of the Craft reveals a steady progress from an institution that once was attached to one church and to one task to an institution that now over-reaches all the creeds as the sky over-arches the earth, and accepts the responsibility of a thousand tasks. In that history one encounters an event which stands as a high light in the history of the human spirit, — the utterance "Concerning God and Religion" in the Constitutions of 1723 — and which is the noblest expression of the spiritual universality of the Order that we know.

"A Mason is obliged by his tenure, to obey the moral law; and if he rightly understands the Art, he will never be a stupid Atheist or irreligious Libertine. But though in ancient times Masons were charged in every country to be of the religion of that country or nation, whatever it was, yet it is now thought more expedient only to oblige them to that religion in which all men agree, leaving their particular opinions to themselves: that is to be Good men and True, or men of Honour and Honesty, by whatever Denomination or Persuasion they may be distinguished; whereby Masonry becomes the Centre of Union and the Means of conciliating true Friendship among persons that must have remained at a perpetual distance."

Of this it has been well said that if "that statement had been written yesterday, it would be remarkable enough. But when we consider that it was set forth in 1723, amidst bitter sectarian rancour and intolerance unimaginable, it rises up as forever memorable in the history of men! The man who wrote that document, did we know his name, is entitled to be held till the end of time in the grateful and venerative memory of the race. The temper of the times was all for relentless partisanship, both in religion and in politics." In that famous Article the prophetic soul of Masonry, "brooding over years to come," anticipated the highest triumphs of the genius of tolerance which was yet to be, so that Crawley could well say that "in the eyes of the philosophical historian, the proudest boast of our society must always be, that in the Revival of our Craft A. D. 1717, we distinctively adopted the doctrines which found expression two generations later, in the Philanthropy of Howard and the humanity of a Wilberforee."

Of a piece with this famous pronouncement was the Act of Union in 1813. During the long process through which the Fraternity was achieving its unity out of the particularism of the old days of transition it was inevitable that there should be misunderstandings, schisms, feuds, and jealousies: all these came to a head in 1750 or thereabouts in the open warfare between the rival Grand Lodges, the so-called "Modern" and the so-called "Ancient." For long it appeared that the Order, like the religious, political, and social institutions of the time, was merely talking about a unity and a universality that it had neither the will nor the power to bring into existence: but at last Freemasonry overcame its own internal feud, which had been as bitter as the rivalry between two churches, and thus demonstrated that men can do such things, if they but have the mind.

These two outstanding events, the Act of Union, and the adopting of the great paragraph concerning God and Religion, remain unto this day to inspire every Mason to believe that union is possible among men, however diverse they may be in interest and creed: more, they cheer and encourage because they demonstrate that it can be accomplished, and such a demonstration is worth more than many homilies. So long as we have those two outstanding triumphs to look back to we need never lose hope for the ultimate unity of the whole Masonic world, and the whole non-Masonic world. Union and universality, such things axe not mere visions, dreamed by poets in solitary cells.

Give as many examples as you can to show the antiquity of Masonry. Do you believe that Freemasonry has everywhere and always existed? Who were the Mayas? Did the ancient Chinese have Freemasonry? Do the American Indians? Is it the same as ours, if so? How do you account for it? We have Masonic documents written more than 500 years ago: how widespread was Freemasonry then? Where and in what shape did it exist in the ancient world? In what countries now existing would you fail to find Freemasonry? Why is it shut out of Hungary and Russia? How long will it remain shut out? Why was it abolished in Poland? Do they have it in Bulgaria? in Serbia? in Jugo-Slavia?

II

Furthermore, the Fraternity as it now exists, with all its faults upon it, is, as I like to think, itself the great argument for the coming of unity among men. For consider. Men of all races, of all colors, of almost every creed, tongue, nation, and location are now, as an actual fact, Masons, and therefore bound to all the rest of us, however far away we may be in all those particulars, by a tie that is growing stronger every year. Not always does that tie hold — the Great War broke it — but it is a tie nevertheless, and there will come a time when no war will be able to snap it in twain. If each one of us could see the world as God is able to see it, not at one point, and for a moment, and then in a most faulty fashion, but as a whole, calmly, clearly, understandingly, I am sure that we should see the Masonic Fraternity standing there among men as one of the noblest of all the noble things in that vision; like the moon breaking through the clouds on a stormy night would be its tender brotherhood and its constant yearning and striving for more brotherhood; and its refusal to be defeated or balked when brotherhood, for a time, fails or is broken.

We need not hesitate to acknowledge the many defeats which the ideal of Universality has suffered even in the house of its friends but every such fact, if we are to be true to things as they really are, must be confronted by this further fact, — That Universality in Masonry, for all its failures, is a living and therefore a shaping ideal. One wishes that he might write those last words in some new way to make them dig deep into a reader's mind in order to avoid the pitfall of a too easy thinking of them. An ideal is a force to be reckoned with, and not a dream hanging helpless in the void. Masons believe in Universality; they strive for it; they shape things to bring it about; they make sacrifices in its behalf; they are always, in proportion as they truly understand their art, eager to let differences lie if so be that they can bring men closer to men. That being true there is no need ever to feel discouragement because the perfect day has not yet come; if we were all doing mere lip service to our ideal, pessimism might be justifiable, but not as long as we strive for universal brotherhood.

Moreover, it is wise for us, even when confronted by some apparent failure of Universality, to see that failure as it actually is, and not as it is hurriedly reported to be. There is in point, for example, the long disagreement between the Grand Orient of France and the Grand Lodge of England, and other Grand Lodges in the world. That break in Masonic fellowship is made use of by our enemies more than any other thing to heap sarcasm upon Masonic aspirations towards unity. Well, that rupture is an unfortunate thing for all sides, view it how we may, but just what does it amount to? It amounts to this, that the Masons living under these two Grand Lodge systems cannot visit in each other's lodges, or approve one or two of each other's doctrines. But there is no enmity. Masons under the Grand Orient do not make war on English Masons. They do not hate each other. In all ways now possible they aid and assist each other. In all ways, save in those ways controlled by the lack of formal recognition, French Masons and other Masons live in amity and brotherhood. Some day the breach will be healed, just as will the still wider breach existing between the lodges of Germany and lodges among the Allied Nations.

In carrying out their ideal there is no reason why Masons may not make free use of all the agencies now employed generally to further internationalism, understanding among peoples, and mutual intercourse. The scientists have their congresses, business men have their conventions, statesmen their conferences: one may hope to see American Grand Lodges use these same instrumentalities in behalf of a better understanding among nations. The Trowel is the working tool of the Master Mason; we must make use of it now more than ever, while a discordant and broken world lies about us. It is unfortunate that certain of our leaders hesitate to use the Trowel lest they mar its shining surface, forgetting the while that it is to be used and not looked at.

In what way does the evolution of Masonry prove it to be universal in character? Can you describe the early part of the eighteenth century in England? Whom do you believe to have been responsible for the Article concerning God and Religion? Can you give an example of the bitter partisanship of those times in religion? What was the religious character of Operative Masonry? Why did it cut itself loose from any one religion? How did the "Ancient" Grand Lodge originate? Describe its feud with the "Modern." How was the Union brought about? If those two bodies were able to unite, could not churches unite? Do you believe that our Grand Lodges should resume fraternal relations with German Masonry? Does the tie now hold between English and Irish Masonry? How many races are there? Are they all represented in the Masonic family? Does the fact that Masonry can unite all prove anything as regards political relations, churches, etc.? If so, what?

What is an ideal? What is the relation between ideal and fact? Is a true ideal a "fact on the way"? In what way does Universality remain an ideal? Do you agree with the interpretation of the relations between the Grand Orient of France and of the English Grand Lodge given by Brother Haywood? Are you in favour of recognizing the Grand Orient? If not, why not? Do you hate French Masons because you do not agree with them? How can Masonry use the Trowel? What agencies are at hand which we might use to bring about better international relations? Should Masonry assist to bring about better political relations between countries? How and why?

III

The necessary implications of Universality, so it seems to me, are not enough understood. Universality being a fact and a living ideal, certain things follow, and these it is well to consider.

It is evident that an Order which speaks a message to a world has found something that the world can understand and needs. Its acts, its principles, and its symbols are a kind of great Esperanto which perpetually translates itself into the languages of all men everywhere. Diverse as are the conditions under which men live, political, social, economic, and religious, men have certain common needs. Just as it has ever been one of the great desiderata of statecraft to discover a common ground whereon nations might meet politically, so has it ever been one of the great hopes of men to find such a ground in morality, and in the human things of life. It is evident that Freemasonry has made that discovery. What it has to give is what men everywhere feel the need of, else it would remain, as almost all institutions do, a merely local and transitory thing. The things that Freemasonry has to give are simple enough, and to us may be commonplace, but just as it required a great social genius to discover an alphabet, which children can learn and all men can use, so has it necessitated an equal genius to discover just those things, and their right combination, to meet the needs of men everywhere. The fact that Masonry is everywhere welcomed as soon as it is discovered and its nature understood, gives us each one a heightened confidence in that which Masonry is.

Also, the Universality of Masonry implies that human nature is everywhere the same, which fact, though it may be familiar enough to most of us, is not by any means admitted by many of a different faith. Socrates counted it a great day when he discovered that behind the varying languages and dialects and nodes of thought and expression all men had the same kind of mind: Spencer found himself in a new world of thought when he at last saw that "humanity is an organism." "Men change," said the wise Goethe, "but man remains the same." Racial distinctions, sex, colour, language, creeds, governments, these have broken our human family into diverse and often quarrelling groups: but while men change in language, in theories and in customs from generation to generation, there is that in man which does not change, either in time or place, a common humanity which ever remains the same, and stretches under the world, as the earth retains her unbroken identity beneath the many inequalities of her surface. From the mist-hung distance of the remotest times down unto our own hour man has thought, loved, laboured, dreamed, prayed, hated, fought the while he has walked "the dim and perilous way of life." His spirit has sought goodness, truth, and beauty, and he has evermore craved the companionship of his fellows. It is the misfortune of too many creeds, moralities and sects, be they political, social, or religious, that they cater to the accidental and temporary needs of men, and too often divide rather than unite our hard-driven struggling race. It is the glory of Freemasonry that it speaks the revealing word to that in each of us which is universal, thereby helping to build in the midst of the years "an institution of the dear love of comrades" in which the mind is free to think, the hand to do, and the heart to love. William Penn believed that death would remove our masks and that we would all then discover ourselves to be of one religion. The Universality of Freemasonry lifts the masks of all differences and proves that we are now all united in our humanity, that God has made of one blood all nations that dwell upon the face of the earth.

In regards to morality and religion this seems especially true. There is much in the morality of every people that cannot help being local and therefore temporary; and this is not to be held against it because a morality, if it function at all, must adjust itself to the details of life; but if an institution tie itself too rigidly to those local things in morality it cannot possibly function among another people, where conditions are so different. Some men believe that all morality is purely local, made up of prejudices and accidents, and that there is no ethic everywhere valid. Masonry contradicts this. Masonry proves itself wiser than many other institutions, because it, in the words of Albert Pike, "is the universal morality, suitable to the inhabitants of every clime, to the man of every creed."

Freemasonry makes no attempts to adjudicate the religious quarrels of the race. It does not take the position that there is one true religion among a great many religions wholly false, nor does it take the opposite position that all religions are equally indifferent. Its position is entirely its own. It takes the position that, letting religions be as they are, they one and all possess certain fundamentals everywhere alike, and it is on these fundamentals that Masonry takes its stand. In a letter which a Deputy District Grand Master once wrote to George William Speth there occurred this sentence:

"I have just initiated Moung Ban Ahm, a Burman, who has so far modified his religious beliefs as to acknowledge the existence of a personal God. The Worshipful Master was a Parsi, one Warden a Hindu, or Brahmin, the other an English Christian, and the Deacon a Mohammedan" Mr. Ahm believed in the existence of God, in the immortality of the soul, and in the brotherhood of man: that was sufficient. He was not disturbed in whatever other beliefs he had because if a man holds to the three mentioned his religion can function inside the Masonic Fraternity. And once in the Fraternity he could find no reason to quarrel with his brother the Brahmin, or his other brother the Christian, or his brother the Mohammedan, because in every case the doctrines peculiar to each were not called for in Masonic workings, and therefore such doctrines could have no chance to come into conflict. Inasmuch as the only religious doctrines that operate in Masonry are belief in a personal God, in immortality, and in brotherhood, the man who holds them is, for Masonry, sufficiently equipped, and Masonry has no reason to find fault with whatever he may further believe: and because nearly all men in the world, be they ever so far removed from us in America, believe in those three great doctrines, and because Masonry builds upon them, Masonry may be said to have a genuine religious Universality. And this, if you will consider a moment, is a very great thing: because prophets and leaders and teachers and religions without number have ever been searching for just such a foundation.

But even if early Masons had hit upon so universal a foundation for a Fraternity it would have availed little had they not at the same time devised a form of organization equally universal. It is worth while to consider this a moment, because it is almost never discussed. History furnishes us with an illustration whereby it can be quickly considered for our present purposes. Why was it that the Reformation, as launched by Luther, soon grew stagnant, and became a merely local German affair? It was because in Germany it was suffered to flow into the mould of German social life, and this mould not existing elsewhere, the Reformation was unable to function outside Germany. The spirit and doctrines of the Reformation were there but Luther and his followers were notable to give them a vehicle wherein to travel into other countries. Now it was the peculiar glory of Calvin that he was able to give the Reformation just such an organization as enabled him and his followers to take it anywhere. They devised for it a vehicle that would serve as well in France as in Germany, and in Scotland as in France, and it was therefore owing to Calvin that the Reformation became, so far as the Western world is concerned, a universal thing. Early Freemasonry might have been as true in principle and spirit as it now is and yet, for lack of vehicular means, have remained a local English sect, or club. Fortunately it was not so, and that because our forbears possessed a genius for organization equal to that for thinking.

Freemasonry is not the only great institution in society, nor is it responsible for healing over all the divisions of the world, be they religious, political, social, economic, racial, or what not: but it has found a way to surmount those barriers in order to penetrate into every land, and that is sufficient for its purpose. Because of this it has an unlimited future.

"There are works yet left for Freemasonry to accomplish greater than the twelve labours of Hercules." Many of these labours lie inside the Craft itself where there still remain many obstacles to internal Unity, and therefore to external Universality. There are many Masonic rites in the field and these are not always working together as smoothly as they should. There are Masonic bodies of the same rite that do not always agree, as is the case now among a few of the Grand Lodges of Mexico. And, as already mentioned, the sundering of peoples by the late War has broken the unity of the Order. It is a part of our task to heal over these divisions. It is a part of our task to make Masonic unity prevail.

What does Masonry have to give that all men need? Do other institutions have it to give? In what sense is it true that men are everywhere the same? Do you agree with Spencer that "humanity is an organism"? What is Masonic morality? Why is it more universal in character than other moralities? What is the religion of Masonry? Why is it that the Masonic organization can everywhere function? Can you think of other organizations of which this is true?

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SUPPLEMENTAL REFERENCES

THE BUILDER:

Vol. I (1915) — Masonry and World Peace, p. 27; War and the Mystic Tie, p. 210; The Relation of Masonry to the Liberation of Spanish America, p. 259.

Vol. II (1916) — Sectarianism and Freemasonry, p. 109; Edwin Markham — Poet of Brotherhood, p. 118; The Political Pseudo-Masonry of South America, pp. 147, 233; Masonry, Its Philosophy and Influence in War Time, p. 181; Discussing the Previous Question, p. 242; Toleration, p. 265; Non-Christian Candidates, p. 302; The Empire of Freemasonry, p. 306; Evidences of Symbolism in the Land of the Incas, p. 361; Indian Freemasonry p. 371.

Vol. III (1917) — Masonry Among Primitive Peoples, p. 18; The Fellowship of Masonry p. 41; Secret Societies of Islam, p. 84; Masonic World Unity, p. 87; Aboriginal Races and Freemasonry, p. 96; Toward Brotherhood, p. 141; Masonry — Its Patriotic Opportunity, p. 143; For Freedom and Fraternity, p. 167; Religion and Philosophy, p. 234; The Reception of the Flags, p. 198; Freemasonry in the Far East, p. 305; Masonry in Panama, p. 327.

Vol. IV (1918) — Internationalism and Freemasonry, pp. 43, 72; Military Lodges in Cuba, p. 54; Can We Build a Real Universal Masonry? p. 100; Freemasonry in France, p. 106; Unification in the Philippines, p. 179; English and American Brotherhood — A League of Masons, p. 192; "A League of Masons," p. 214; Masonry in Greece, p. 218; "Jerusalem Delivered," p. 301.

Vol. V (1919) — California's Recognition of French Masonry, p. 11; Alabama Grants Full Recognition to Grand Lodge and Grand Orient of France, and Swiss Grand Lodge "Alpina," p. 79; The Plan of Masonry, p. 266.

Vol. VI (1920) — Impressions of the Masonic Service Association Meeting, p. 22; The Common Good, p. 93; The Mystic Tie, p. 153; Cuban Viewpoint of World Freemasonry, p. 217; a Bird's-eye View of Masonic History, p. 236; A Survey of Masonry in Foreign Countries, p. 247; Masonry in Mexico, p. 264; Freemasonry Among the American Indians, p. 295.

Vol. VII (1921) — The Religious Teachings of Freemasonry, p. 82; Whence Came Freemasonry, p. 90; Practical Brotherhood, p. 102; Travelling In Foreign Parts, p. 190; Toleration and Freethinking, p. 196; Little Wolf Joins the Mitawin, p. 281.

Vol. VIII (1922) — Masonic World Unity, p. 55; American Indians in Freemasonry, p. 71; Masonic international Association, p. 99; Masonry and the World's Work, p. 131; Masonic Toleration, p. 137; Toleration and Freemasonry, p. 160.

Mackey's Encyclopedia (Revised Edition):

Almighty, p. 408; Ancient Masons and Their Controversy with the Moderns, p. 55; Antiquity of Freemasonry, p. 66; Atheist, p. 84; El, p. 235; Freemasonry in France, p. 276; Freemasonry in Hungary, p. 342; Freemasonry in Poland, p. 574; Freemasonry in Russia, p. 655; Freemasonry in War, p. 836; God, p. 301 (The reader may also note to advantage the reference, on page 301, to the initials of the Hebrew words for Wisdom, Strength and Beauty, forming, when combined, the English name for Deity); Grand Orient of France and the Grand Lodge of England, p. 278; "I am that I am" (Eheyeh asher Eheyeh), p. 234; Jehovah, p. 363; Religion of Masonry, p. 617; Religious Qualifications, p. 619; Universality of Masonry, p. 817.

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OUR STUDY CLUB PLAN

"The Bulletin Course of Masonic Study," of which the foregoing paper by Brother Haywood is a part, was begun in THE BUILDER early in 1917. Previous to the beginning of the present series on "Philosophical Masonry," or "The Teachings of Masonry," as we have titled it, were published some forty-three papers covering in detail "Ceremonial Masonry" and "Symbolical Masonry" under the following several divisions: "The Work of a Lodge," "The Lodge and the Candidate," "First Steps," "Second Steps," and "Third Steps." A complete set of these papers are obtainable in the bound volumes of THE BUILDER for 1917, 1918, 1919 and 1920, and the monthly numbers for January, February, March and April, 1921.

Following is an outline of the subjects covered by the current series of study club papers by Brother Haywood:

THE TEACHINGS OF MASONRY

General Introduction. — A. Reasons for a course explaining what the "teachings of Masonry" mean. — B. How one can arrive at his own Philosophy of Masonry. — Conclusion. The Philosophy of Masonry is not a study of philosophy in general, but such a study of Masonry as a philosopher gives to any great intellectual problem.

This systematic course of Masonic study has been taken up and carried out in monthly and semi-monthly meetings of lodges and study clubs all over the United States and Canada, and in several instances in lodges overseas.

The course of study has for its foundation two sources of Masonic information, THE BUILDER and Mackey's Encyclopedia.

HOW TO ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT STUDY CLUB MEETINGS

Study clubs may be organized separate from the lodge, or as a part of the work of the lodge. In the latter case the lodge should select a committee, preferably of three "live" members who shall have charge of the study club meetings. The study club meetings should be held at least once a month (excepting during July and August, when the study club papers are discontinued in THE BUILDER), either at a special communication of the lodge called for the purpose, or at a regular communication at which no business (except the lodge routine) should be transacted — all possible time to be devoted to study club purposes.

After the lodge has been opened and all routine business disposed of, the Master should turn the lodge over to the chairman of the study club committee. The committee should be fully prepared in advance on the subject to be discussed at the meeting. All members to whom references for supplemental papers have been assigned should be prepared with their material, and should also have a comprehensive grasp of Brother Haywood's paper by a previous reading and study of it.

PROGRAM FOR STUDY CLUB MEETINGS

1. Reading of any supplemental papers on the subject for the evening which may have been prepared by brethren assigned such duties by the chairman of the study club committee.
2. Reading of the first section of Brother Haywood's paper.
3. Discussion of this section, using the questions following this section to bring out points for discussion.
4. The subsequent sections of the paper should then be taken up and disposed of in the same manner.
5. Question Box. Invite questions on any subject in Masonry, from any and all brethren present. Let the brethren understand that these meetings are for their particular benefit and enlightenment and get them into the habit of asking all the questions they may be able to think of. If at the time these questions are propounded no one can answer them, send them in to us and we will endeavor to supply answers to them in time for your next study club meeting.

FURTHER INFORMATION

The foregoing information should enable study club committees to conduct their meetings without difficulty. However, if we can be of assistance to such committees, or any individual member of lodges and study clubs at any time such brethren are invited to feel free to communicate with us.

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EDITORIAL

A MEDIATING THEORY

THE UNUSUALLY able article by R∴ W∴ Brother Thomas Ross on "The Egyptian Influence on our Masonic Ceremonial and Ritual," the second and concluding half of which appears in this issue, was originally delivered as a lecture in Dunedin, New Zealand, and should have appeared in our pages long ere this. But we first wrote to ask permission of Brother Ross to publish his lecture, and this, owing to a delay in the mails, was the cause of a long postponement: and then, the permission received, we believed it wise to publish with his article his own original illustrations, and this also delayed us much.

It so happened that the mail which brought the final revision of Brother Ross's article brought also an article from another very scholarly Mason who argued throughout that Freemasonry sprang originally from the Eleusinian Mysteries of Greece. It also happened that about the same time the writer was discussing the origin of Freemasonry with a Masonic journalist of exceptionally wide reading, who averred with great emphasis that Freemasonry came from the Roman cult of Mithraism. Others, so the reader will recall, have argued that our Order came from the Roman Collegia, from the Essenes, etc., etc.

Among these multitudes of counsellors who would lead us this way and that what is a plain man to do? Is there any mediating theory along which he can Travel without danger of falling aside into the tangle of some one of the conflicting (though friendly) hypotheses?

Why cannot we believe that Freemasonry has had many origins? Why may it not be likened to the Gulf of Mexico into which so many river systems empty themselves? Brother Ross is undoubtedly right in believing that something has come into Freemasonry from the Egyptian cults. Brother Haydon is right in believing that we owe many things to Eleusis. The writer's friend is right in thinking that we have received something from Mithraism.

Also, it must be recalled that ancient religions and philosophies did not exist apart from each other but rather lived in a fluid society where each and all intermingled and interchanged their ideas and synnbolisms. What was more common than the use of pillars? or than the worship, or symbolic use, of the sun, moon, and stars? The alchemists of ancient Babylon made use of the Point Within a Circle even as did the Egyptians, and to them it meant both gold and the sun. Hundreds of cults employed passwords, and made use of secret initiations. The ideas of a dying and a rising again, and of a redemptive death, were common to all five or six of the great religions of the early Roman Empire. And what is true of the cults and philosophies of the ancient world is also, and equally, true of the cults and philosophies of the Middle Ages. All of them made use of symbols, ideas, and often words, borrowed from a wide field of anterior or contemporary bodies.

May not the same thing be said of Freemasonry? It is a piece of syncretism. It is like a noble building erected of stones brought from many older buildings, some of them long since fallen into decay. If this be true then it is possible that many of the rival theories of Masonic origin may all be sound in part: it is only necessary that the various champions do not each one claim too much for their own particular hypothesis.

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LEX TERRAE

Law is not the harsh forbidding thing it is often imagined to be, but something human and kindly, and full of beneficent influence. It protects us during the day and watches over us at night, and the hearth-side of every home is kept inviolate through its power. If its existence is often made manifest through a court proceedings, or a day in jail, or a tax notice, that is an unfortunate accident of circumstances, and is not to distort our imaginations into the belief that lex terrae, the law of the land, is a despotic and cruel monster that loves the sound of clanking chains. Far from it, and that for many reasons! The whole purpose of law is humane; it is the giver and the guarantor of liberty; and apart from it life becomes harsh and cruel.

Let it be supposed that a certain man, Mr. A. B., purchases a home for himself and family. He pays five thousand dollars for the residence. How is he to know but that some other man will come by some day and take the place away from him? the law will protect him. How does he know that if he were called to prove his right of possession he would be able to do so? the law has provided the means. Suppose he sells the place to a stranger and the stranger's check proves to be worthless; how is he to recover his own? the law will give it back. Suppose Mr. A.B. quarrels with his neighbor over the property line; how is this to be settled and a chronic family feud averted? the law will draw the line.

When Mr. A. B.'s wife goes upon the public highway does some wild fellow leap upon her or beat her to the ground in order to take away her purse? the law preserves the safety of the public street so that even little children are safe thereon. Suppose that Mr. A.B.'s little son is made the heir of some wealthy relative: how is the lad to prove his right to the inheritance? the law furnishes a birth certificate. What if some enemy seeks to traduce Mr. A. B.'s name so as to ruin his professional business? the law will give him safety for his reputation.

And so it goes on, as an endless series of exaxnples, equally simple, might prove. The good will of the law is built in about our lives at every point, so that whichever way we turn, or wherever we may be, or whatever we may be doing, it is there to protect, to guide, to support us. One is able to lay his head upon an untroubled pillow at night because its arms are about him. One can live at peace with his neighbors through a long and happy life because it maintains order, and binds us all up together in a kindly comity of good fellowship or neighborly love. Fully to know it, rightly to understand it, reveals to us how that like Duty in the Wordsworth poem, the lex terrae is the "daughter of the voice of God." It is often stern? yes, but so is love itself, so is tenderness, so is sympathy, so is every other beneficent thing in our human world.

And what if at times men of ill will evade the law, or twist it to their own ends? what if unjust and unwise laws are often laid upon the statute books? Not for that reason will a sensible man turn upon law itself as an evil and a tyranny. Those who say, Let us do away with laws and with law-makers know not what spirit they are of. And as for those that make light of it with cynical persiflage, and openly flout it, they are children of the Evil One, which is only another name for Confusion.

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THE LIBRARY

THE SPLENDOR OF GEOMETRY

"Mathematical Philosophy: A study of Fate and Freedom. Lectures for Educated Laymen," by Cassius J. Keyser, Adrain Professor of Mathematics in Columbia University. E. P. Dutton & Co., 681 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. Price $4.70.

"The clerk Euclide in this wyse hit fonde
Thys craft of gemetry yn Egypte londe
In Egypte he tawghte hyt ful wyde,
In dyvers londe on every syde,
Mony erys afterwarde y understonde
Yer that the craft com ynto thys londe
Thys craft corn into England, as y you say,
Yn tvme of good Kvng Adelstone's day."

THESE QUAINT lines, printed on page 43 of this remarkable book, put a Mason immediately at his ease, for they are quoted from the Regius Ms., written in 1390 or thereabouts, the oldest of all known Ancient Charges, and the most precious document inside the entire orbit of Masonic literature. It is entirely in consonance with the fitness of things that Professor Keyser should quote from a Masonic document, because his entire book is written to celebrate the glories of Geometry, which is the Masonic science par excellence, and the one intellectual art most cherished by the Masons of the long ago, who dreamed of curves and angles by night, and wrought them in stone and mortar by day. The men who built Europe's abbeys and cathedrals were mathematicians by nature who wrought in great fabrics the divine mysteries of number. Could they return to earth today they would find the delight of their souls in such books as "Mathematical Philosophy," and among all the symbols now employed in Blue Lodges they would give their heartiest assent to the Letter "G" which hangs in the East to perpetually remind us that the key to Masonry is in the Geometry of which that letter is the initial. Like Professor Keyser himself they would join with the choir of those great thinkers who have possessed what Plato defined as "magnificence of mind" in ascribing to Mathematics honor and glory as being man's nearest approach in this life to that which is eternal. "What is the hovering angel wooing our loyalty to what is best in thinking? What is the muse of life in the world of ideas? An austere goddess, high, pure, serene, cold towards human fraility, demanding perfect precision of ideas, perfect clarity of expression, and perfect allegiance to the eternal laws of thought. In mathematics the name of the muse is familiar: it is Rigor — Logical Rigor, which signifies a kind of silent music, the still harmony of ideas, the intellect's dream of logical perfection." The Mason's dream, we might add, of the application of the Square and the Compasses to all the processes of the human mind.

As I have said in a review of "Manhood of Humanity" by Count Alfred Korzybski, which book should be read in connection with "Mathematical Philosophy," and which is very ably summanzed in Lecture XX, the most influential group of thinkers now in the world is composed of a number of men who are bringing about an alliance — I came near saying merger — between mathematics, philosophy, and logic. These men are showing that when the processes of mathematical demonstration are pushed far enough they yield logical and philosophical principles; when logic is made exact it inevitably adopts the language of mathematics and employs mathematical symbols: and that when philosophy is rescued from the playboys of thought in order to be made to serve a sober and useful purpose in real life it inevitably turns toward a working arrangement with mathematics and logic. Professor Keyser and his colleagues believe that all the arts and aisciplines will be drawn in, sooner or later, to this new League of Science in order that all of man's activities shall be held under the inflexible but benignant sway of the Muse of Rigorous Thinking. To eliminate prejudice, gush, sentimentality, party spirit, moonshine, taboo, and an unholy reverence for tradition in order to make way for loyalty to facts, exact thinking, patient research, and a calm but daring surrender to Truth as Truth is known to trained thought, that, so these men believe, is the hope of the world, and it is what they are aiming at when they try to being all thinking into vital touch with Mathematics, which is itself the very soul of Rigorous Thinking.

To read "Mathematical Philosophy" with pleasure and understanding one must possess the equivalent of at least one college year of mathematics: if one is blessed with this modest equipment he will discover the book to be as refreshing as a cold plunge, and as fascinating as music. The volume is arranged in twenty-one lectures, and these, as far as has been possible, have been made to preserve the freshness of oral speech. Postulates, infinity (of the mathematical variety), non-Euclidean geometries, hyperspaces, mathematical psychology, the psychology of mathematics, Korzybski's concept of man, and human engineering, such are a few of the themes which move through the stately procession of these chapters. Throughout the 465 pages one hears, like deep organ tones, the notes of Professor Keyser's own voice, and feels the impact of his powerful personality.

H. L. Haywood.

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PUBLICATIONS WANTED, FOR SALE, AND EXCHANGE

We are constantly receiving inquiries from readers as to where they may obtain publications on Freemasonry and kindred subjects not offered in our Monthly Book List. Most of the books thus sought are out of print, but it may happen that other readers, owning copies, may be willing to dispose of the same. Therefore this column is set aside each month for such a service. And it is also hoped — and expected — that readers possessing very old or rare Masonic works will communicate the fact to THE BUILDER in behalf of general information.

Postofflce addresses are here given in order that those buying and selling may communicate directly with each other. Brethren are asked to cancel notices as soon as their wants are supplied.

In no case does THE BUILDER assume any responsibility whatsoever for publications thus bought, sold, exchanged or borrowed.

WANTED

By Bro. D. D. Berolzheimer, 1 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.: "Realities of Masonry," Blake, 1879; "Records of the Hole Craft and Fellowship of Masons," Condor, 1894; "Masonic Bibliography," Carson, 1873; "Origin of Freemasonry," Paine, 1811.

By Bro. G. Alfred Lawrence, 142 West 86th St., New York, N. Y.: Proceedings of the Scottish Rite Body founded by Joseph Cerneau in New York City in 1808, of which De Witt Clinton was the first Grand Commander, and which body became united, in 1867, with the Supreme Council of the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, A. & A. S. R. Also Proceedings of the Supreme Council founded in New York by De La Motta, in 1813, by authority of the Southern Supreme Council, of which he was Grand Treasurer-General, these Proceedings from 1813 to 1860.

By Bro. Frank R. Johnson, 306 East 10th St., Kansas City, Mo.: "The Year Book," published by the Masonic Constellations, containing the History of the Grand Council, R. & S. M., of Missouri.

By Brother Silas H. Shepherd, Hartland, Wisconsin: "Catalogue of the Masonic Library of Samuel Lawrence"; "Second Edition of Preston's Illustrations of Masonry"; "The Source of Measures," by J. Ralston Skinner 1876, or second edition 1894; "Ars Quatuor Coronatorum," volumes I to XI, inclusive.

By Bro. Ernest E. Ford, 30S South Wilson Avenue, Alhambra, California: "Ars Quatuor Coronatorum," volumes 3 and 7, with St. John's Cards, also St. John's Cards for volumes 4 and 6; "Masonic Review," volumes 1, 2, 7, 31, 32 and 43 to 50, inclusive; "Voice of Masonry," volumes 2 to 12 inclusive, and volume 15; Transactions Supreme Council Southern Jurisdiction for the years 1882 and 1886; Original Proceedings of The General Grand Encampment Knights Templar for the years 1826 and 1835.

By Bro. George A. Lanzarotti, Casilla 126, Rancagua, Chile: All kinds of Masonic literature in Spanish. Write first quoting prices.

By Brother L. Rask, 14 Alvey St., Schenectady, N. Y.: "Remarks upon Alchemy and the Alchemists," by E. A. Hitchcock, Janesville, N. Y., about 1865; "The Secret Societies of all Ages and Countries," by C. W. Neckethorn; "Lost Language of Symbolism," by Harold Bayley, published by Lippincott; "Sacred Hermeneutics," by Davidson, Edinburgh, 1843; "Solar System of the Ancients Discovered," by J. Wilson, published by Longmans Co., London, 1856; "The Alphabet," by Isaac Taylor, Kegan, Paul, Trench & Co., 1883, or the edition of 1899 published by Scribners, New York; "Anacalypsis," by Godfrey Higgins, 1836, published by Longmans, Green & Co., London; "Ars Quatuor Coronatorum," any volume or volumes.

By Bro. J. H. Tatsch, Union Bank & Trust Co., Los Angeles, Calif.: Fascilus 2, "Caementaria Hibernica," by Chetwode Crawley; Volumes 1, 2, 6 and 8, Quatuor Coronati Antigrapha; "Some Memorials of Globe Lodge No. 23," Henry Sadler; "Constitutions of the Freemasons," Hughan, 1869; "Numerical and Medallic Register of Lodges," Hughan, 1878; "History of the Apollo Lodge and the R. A., York," Hughan, 1894; any items on AntiMasonry, especially tracts, handbills, posters, old newspapers, almanacs, etc., relating to Morgan incident, 1826-1840, and recurrence of same from 1870 to 1885.

By Brother N. W. J. Haydon, 664 Pape Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: "The Beautiful Necessity," and "Architecture and Democracy," by Claude Bragdon.

By the National Masonic Research Society, Anamosa, Iowa: "Discourses upon Architecture," by Dallaway, published in 1833; any or all volumes of "The American Freemasons' Magazine," published by J. F. Brennan. about 1860.

FOR SALE

By Bro. J. H. Tatsch, Union Bank & Trust Co., Los Angeles, Calif.: "Ars Quatuor Coronatorum," volumes 6 to 26, in parts as issued, with St. John Cards; "Masonic Repdnts and Revelations," Sadler; "The Natural History of Staffordshire," Dr. Robert Plot, 1686, folio; "The History of Freemasonry," Robert Freke Gould, Yorston edition, 4 volumes; "History of Freemasonry in Europe," Emmanuel Rebold, 1867; "Bibliographie der Freimaurerischen Literatur," August Wolfstieg, 1911-13, two volumes and register, paper, as issued; "History of Freemasonry," Mackey, 7 volumes; "History of Freemasonry and Concordant Orders," Hughan and Stillson; fascimile engraving Picard's "Les Francmassons," 1735, fine copy.

By Brother A. A. Burnand, 690 South Bronson Ave., Los Angeles, California: Various Masonic publications including such as a complete set of "Ars Quatuor Coronatorum"; "History of Freemasonry in Scotland," by D. Murray Lyon, (original edition); Thomas Dunckerley, Laurence Dermott, etc.

By Brother Frank R. Johnson, 306 East 10th St., Kansas City, Mo.: "History of Freemasonry," Mitchell, 2 volumes, sheep; "History of Freemasonry," Robert Freke Gould, 4 volumes, cloth in good condition; "History of Freemasonry," Albert G. Mackey, 7 volumes, linen cloth, new; Addison's "Knights Templar," Macoy, 1 volume, cloth; "Museum of Antiquity," Yaggy, 1 volume, Morocco; "History and Cyclopaedia of Freemasonry," Macoy and Oliver, new, full morocco. Also miscellaneous books.

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THE QUESTION BOX

THE BUILDER is an open forum for free and fraternal discussion. Each of its contributors writes under his own name, and is responsible for his own opinions. Believing that a unity of spirit is better than a uniformity of opinion, the Research Society, as such, does not champion any one school of Masonic thought as over against another, but offers to all alike a medium for fellowship and instruction, leaving each to stand or fall by its own merits.

The Question Box and Correspondence Column are open to all members of the Society at all times. Questions of any nature on Masonic subjects are earnestly invited from our members, particularly those connected with lodges or study clubs which are following our Study Club course. When requested, questions will be answered promptly by mail before publication in this department.

ORIGIN OF ST. PATRICK'S DAY

Will you please inform me of the (origin of St. Patrick's Day and why the Roman Catholics celebrate on that day?

O.C.S., Texas.

St. Patrick was made a saint by the Church of Rome, and therefore a day was officially set aside for him in the Calendar of Saints. St. Patrick was a great and noble man whose personality and career appealed to the Irish people and this popularity caused the celebration of his day to become a popular holiday. This may appear to be a very indefinite reply but it is difficult to know how else to frame it, seeing that the "origin of St. Patrick's Day" cannot be referred to any one individual or act.

You may care to know something about St. Patrick himself who, though his own proper person became almost entirely hidden behind a great smoke-screen of legends and miracle-stories, was really a hero worthy of every man's reverence. Patrick, whose British name was Sucat, was born in Britain — some think it may have been in Scotland — about 390 to 400, therefore this famous Irish Saint was not himself an Irishman, which is a kind of Irish bull that history has played on us. He was the son of a deacon in the church and the grandson of a priest — in those days the clergy married like other human beings — nevertheless he was not, as a youth, particularly religious. When about fourteen or fifteen years of age he was captured by a gang of Irish pirates and sold off to slavery in Ireland, where he resided for six years, when he made his escape. Some historians believe he went to Gaul, others that he returned home; be that as it may we know that he became very devout and determined to return to the Irish heathen as a missionary. This he did in 432. He was so successful that when he died in 461 he had established an everlasting fame, and had made that appeal to the popular imagination which inspired such a wealth of legends.

Was Patrick a Roman Catholic? The evidence goes to show to a fair and candid mind that he was not a follower of the pope. Space does not permit here an exhibition of all the evidences on this famous question so I shall content myself with two: first, the evidence from the history of early British Christianity; second, the evidence left by Patrick himself.

Christianity was planted in Britain at an early date — so early, that British bishops sat in the Synod of Arles in 314. The faith was very probably introduced by the Roman army. That army withdrew in 410 or thereabouts, after which time there was little or no intercourse between the British churches and Rome. The Angles, Saxons, Jutes, etc., came in and drove the British Christians into Wales where gradually there grew up a powerful British Church, owing no allegiance whatsoever to the Roman popes. The popes made overtures to this Church in the sixth century — 100 years after Patrick's time — but to no avail. On this point two historians may be quoted. Gieseler says that "the union was close between the British and Irish churches; they retained many old arrangements. That the Britons acknowledged no ecclesiastical power of the pope over them is proved by their opposition to the Roman regulations, an opposition which continued in Ireland down to the twelfth century." Lappenberg makes the same point, and as clearly: "The points of difference between the Roman and British Churches (established probably on the oldest direct tradition from Judea) were, the time of celebrating Easter, the form of tonsure, the administration of baptism, the ecclesiastical benediction of matrimony, the manner of ordination, but above all, the refusal to acknowledge the supremacy of the pope."

Since Patrick was a British Christian and since the British Church owed no allegiance to Rome it is very probable that Patrick himself was not a Romanist.

In his old age Patrick wrote an account of his own career and his religious faith. Among historians this work, named "Confessions," is very generally held to be genuine. In this autobiographical account Patrick not only says absolutely nothing about any connection with Rome but sets forth a creed very different from that officially promulgated by Rome at that period. Here is what Neander has to say on this:

From all this it would appear that, strange as it may sound, Patrick was neither an Irishman nor a Roman Catholic.

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CHRISTIANITY AND THE MYSTERY RELIGIONS

Being a pastor as well as a more-or-less (less, I fear) Masonic student I have long had it in mind to make a study of the relationship between early Christianity and the old Mysteries. Can you furnish me with a few titles of books that may help me to get a start? Perhaps I shall get something together some day to send to THE BUILDER.

G.L.K., Illinois.

You have hit upon a subject that continues to fascinate the best theological minds of the day, and you should therefore, once you have worked your way a bit into the field, have no difficulties with securing adequate literature. But it will first be well to divest your mind of all your previous opinions about the Mysteries — if you will permit a stranger to speak thus — for on nothing have men thought and written such inordinate nonsense. If many of our writers — and these number, alas, a few Masonic scribes among them — were to come suddenly upon one of the old Mystery cults in full blast, they would not recognize the thing, so widely have they been speculating. But to the books, of which only a few titles need to be given: "The Mystery Religions and the New Testament," by Henry C. Sheldon, and published by The Abingdon Press of Cincinnati and New York, is a beginner's manual written from the orthodox Christian point of view. It is most elementary, and in many ways unreliable, but good as a primer. Next in order, because a bit more erudite, would come "The Evolution of Early Christianity," by Shirley Jackson Case, an advanced and well equipped scholar of the faculty of the University of Chicago; the work is published by the University of Chicago Press. Beginning on page 287 of that book, and following, you will discover a very extended bibliography in several languages. Turn next to the article on "Mysteries" in Vol. IX of Hasting's "Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics." That done you will be ready for "St. Paul and the Mystery-Religions" by H. A. A. Kennedy, and similar works. Nor must you overlook Lecture X in "The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church" by Edwin Hatch, published by Williams and Norgate, 14, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, 1907, as The Hibbert Lectures for 1883. It is a very important book. Once you have accumulated and digested all this material write up your conclusions for THE BUILDER; in all the world one will not find a more fascinating subject, and there is much in it of peculiar interest to us Masons.

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THE SCOTTISH RITE DRAMAS AND THE MORALITY PLAYS

In 1891 I was initiated in Masonry in Denmark. Later on I was promoted — as it is called in Scandinavia — to the Scottish degrees, and then in 1908 to the Knight Templar degrees. It looks to me that the main difference between the rites which you follow over here and the Swedish rites is that the candidate in the Swedish rites is the principal actor, while over here he is more of an onlooker. A little while ago I attended a Scottish Rite Reunion here and while watching it the idea came to me that the dramas performed in the various degrees — very impressive dramas they are — in some way must have descended from the medieval Morality Plays performed first by the Roman Catholic church outside the church buildings when the old dramatic art, long buried under the wreckage of the Roman Empire, first began to revive. These were also, in some countries, taken up by Protestant churches and performed in the same way. I have seen these plays in Scandinavia, and only the other day I noticed that "Jedermann" had been performed in Salzburg, Tyrol. How can I examine into this question? has any one attempted it? is there any book that teaches us the meaning of the Scottish Rite?

C. B. Olivarius, Michigan.

Your suggestion is a most interesting and important one, and has long attracted the attention of Masonic students — as see Brother David E. W. Williamson's letter in THE BUILDER for December — but to date nobody has yet given any satisfactory proof of the Mystery Play origin of any of the orthodox Masonic rites. In the Correspondence Circle Bulletin for November 1916 you will find an instructive article on the matter by Brother Robert I. Clegg who has had the subject in mind these many years past. Both Brother Clegg and Brother Williamson would doubtless be very glad to exchange views with you: if you care to get in touch with them write them care THE BUILDER. Thus far the one book that deals at large with the Scottish Rite degrees is Pike's "Morals and Dogma"; it is not always an easy book to read, and there are many gaps, and the whole volume needs badly to be brought down to date, but even so there is no other interpretation of the degrees that anywhere approaches it. If you have any luck in your researches in this question, Brother Olivarius, put them into a paper and send them to THE BUILDER.

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HOW MANY MASONIC BODIES ARE THERE?

Will you please give me a list of all the Masonic organizations there are? It appears that there are a great number of them.

D.L.O., Illinois

Mercy! frater, you ask an impossible question if you have in mind all bodies, male or female, that require Masonic membership as a condition of affiliation, for they are as countless as the leaves of Valambrosa, and their number, even so, it appears, waxes more and more. The only Masonic bodies in existence are those which comprise the Blue Lodge, and the York and Scottish Rites: the others, worthy as they may doubtless be, are not entitled to that name. Can any reader supply us with a list of all such organizations? If so, the same will be welcomed to these columns. It is not necessary — and perhaps not possible — that the list include every one: nor would a few omissions be serious, seeing that all of them, save a half dozen or so, might pass utterly out of existence without loss to the Masonic Fraternity.

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CORRESPONDENCE

WOLFSTIEG'S BIBLIOGRAPHY AND EARLY MASONIC PERIODICALS

There are two inquirers in the June number whom I may be able to help: W. J. J. Wolfstieg's Bibliography, page 191. I obtained a copy of this (in 3 vols.) uncut, paper covers as published, from Quaritch, the great London book dealer on May 27, 1921 at £3 10s.6°. which at the present rate of exchange is $15.86 (1-$4.51). W.R.M. Early Masonic Periodicals, page 190. As this is a New York brother, if he will write me, I will help him locate what he wants.

Good lists of all Masonic periodicals are published in:

E. F. Carson's Masonic Bibliography, 1876.

T. C. Lawrence: Catalog of Masonic Library, 1891.

G. Kloss: Bibliographie der Freimaurerei, 1844.

T. S. Parvin: Catalog of the Library, Grand Lodge of Iowa, 1873 and 1883.

H. Wolfstieg: Bibliographie der Freimaurerischen Literatur, 1911-13.

Grand Lodge of New York, Catalog of the Grand Lodge Library in Proceedings as follows in reports of Grand Librarians:

1879 pp. 66-76; 1883 pp. 34-50; 1884 pp. 42-51; 1885 pp. 7690; 1886 pp. 115-128; 1887 pp. 88-101; 1888 pp. 110-124; 1889 pp. 76-85; 1890 pp. 105-115; 1891 pp. 153-162; 1892 pp. 60-67; 1893 pp. 92-97; 1894 pp. 87-92; 1895 pp. 90-96; 1898 pp. 95-101.

D. D. Berolzhheimer, New York.

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A FURTHER NOTE ON WOLFSTIEG'S "BIBLIOGRAPHIE"

Page 191, THE BUILDER, June issue, has a few paragraphs on a German book by August Wolfstieg on the Bibliographie der Freimaurerishen Literatur. Brother Eisenlohr in answering the question in the text indicates that there are two volumes. Please let me point out that the work is published by the Verein Deutscher Freimaurer and by reference to the Jahrbuch for 1921-1922, page 135, I note there are three volumes containing respectively the following pages: 990; 1041, and 536, the last volume containing the index. Mention is made that the price will be quoted on request. I would suggest the original inquirer be kindly referred to Dr. J. C. Schwabe, Secretary Verein Deutscher Freimaurer, Leipzig, Fichtestrasse 43, Germany.

Robert I. Clegg, Illinois.

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THE BROKEN COLUMN

With reference to the question of "T. H. F., Florida" in the March issue of THE BUILDER regarding The Broken Column would you refer this Brother to page 42 of the latest edition of Brother Newton's "The Builders," which throws further light on the subject.

Melvern B. Arlidge, Ontario.

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THOMAS JEFFERSON NOT A MASON

The writer having been given the task of writing a history of Masonry in Virginia determined to try to settle the question of whether or not Thomas Jefferson was a Mason. A correspondence covering all the places in which it was thought there might be some indication of his having had some Masonic relations, or in which there might be some indication that he was a Mason, shows a negative result both in Europe and America. His own letters would not suggest that he was, even though he wrote to Masons as such. The fact that the Declaration of Independence reads as if it could not have been the work of a profane adds weight to the argument of those who have for years doubted as to the real authorship of that document. He claimed to be the author but how could he have been and not have been a Mason? Let casuists settle the question if casuists can settle anything.

Jos. W. Eggleston, P.G.M., Virginia.

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RABBI BEN LEON'S MODEL OF THE TEMPLE

As regards my question and the reply from D.E.W.W., which was published in THE BUILDER, April, 1922, page 124, you will be interested in view of his statement "There is no evidence. The story is absurd," etc., to read the following from a letter just received from Rt. Wor. Bro. Lionel Vibert, to whom I addressed the same question.

He writes me: "Your query you will find dealt with very fully in A.Q.C. xii and another note in xiii. The party you refer to was a certain Rabbi Jehudah Ben Leon, who went about with a model of the Temple on which he lectured. There was a good deal of contemporary interest shown in the Temple, but the idea that there was therefore some contemporary change made in the Craft ritual is one for which there is no evidence. The Temple is clearly referred to in the legend long before Charles II. It is in the Cooke text, the very earliest form of the story, of date 1400 or thereabouts. But what the nature of the reference to it in the lodge ritual may have been we do not know. We can be fairly certain there was some story of the death of a builder, but what exactly that was is quite uncertain.

"Robert Race's paper on the Third Degree published by the Manchester Association, and the Leicester Research, in their Transactions shows very convincingly that the degree was originally a private play, like the mediaeval Mysteries, performed among the Masons; again, there is strong evidence from what is preserved of the Baldwin Rite at Bristol, that the original Installed Master was put in the place left vacant because of the death of H. A. This is now quite lost to Craft Masonry and only appears in a later degree. It is a remarkable gap in the narrative, as we have it, that nothing is stated to be done about a successor to H. A. But there is nowhere anything that will help us to date the ritual or any possible redrafting or reconstruction of it."

N. W. J. Haydon, Ontario.

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YOUNG WORSHIPFUL MASTERS

I have read with interest several items appearing in THE BUILDER citing instances of brethren who have served long and faithfully in Masonic offices. How about some recognition of the young brothers who have established records of unusual merit?

I wish to mention one case for Montana. Brother Claude W. Patterson, born May 25, 1894, was elected Worshipful Master of Corinthian Lodge No. 72, A. F. & A. M., in December, 1919, at the age of 26 years. He served as Master during the year of 1920, until May 25th, at that age, and for the rest of the year at the age of 26.

Perhaps there have been similar cases, but I have never heard of another brother serving as Master at the age of 25.

Earl V. Cline, Montana.

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Brother William M. Payne, born August 31, 1891, served as Worshipful Master of Euclid Lodge No. 64, A. F. & A. M., La Junta, Colorado, for the year 1917, having been installed December 14, 1916 at the age of 25 years.

I was Master of a lodge in Wisconsin when 26 years of age.

G. H. Winchell, Colorado.

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The title of the youngest Worshipful Master is claimed by his friends for Brother Franklin Slye, a student at St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York. Brother Slye was born at Dover, Ky., on September 25, 1898. In March, 1920, Brother Slye joined St. Lawrence Lodge No. 111, at Canton, N.Y. In the following December he was elected as Junior Warden, and in December, 1921, as Worshipful Master, being 23 years of age at the time of his installation.

Arthur C. Parker, New York.

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CONCERNING BROTHER W. N. GRUBB

In the article "Another Oldest Secretary" appearing in the April copy of THE BUILDER I notice that Brother Lloyd Steinberg, Virginia, has made a slight mistake which I would like, with apologies to him, to correct.

He says that Brother Grubb was made a Mason January 1, 1879 in Ruth Lodge No. 64. To be exact Brother William Newton Grubb was Raised February 15, 1878 and made Secretary of Ruth Lodge No. 89, June 24, 1879 and in December 1921 he began his forty-third term as Secretary of Ruth Lodge.

Of course this little difference is of no consequence but as a member of Ruth Lodge No. 89 I would appreciate it if you would make the proper corrections. We in Ruth Lodge are proud of our true and faithful Secretary and hope that he will be with us for many more years.

I would like to say right now that I think that THE BUILDER is a wonderful Journal, and only wish that every brother were a subscriber. Thanking you for the pleasure that I have derived from THE BUILDER and wishing you all the success possible in the coming years, I am,

Fraternally yours,
J. A. Bassett, Virginia.

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UNCLE DAN — THE MASON

On the night of March 31st, 1922, the Masons of San Antonio and vicinity assembled at the Scottish Rite Cathedral and celebrated the 75th birthday anniversary of one of San Antonio's most beloved Masons, "Uncle" Dan Ludlow, Secretary of Anchor Lodge No. 424.

For thirty-six years Uncle Dan has labored indefatigably in the interest of Anchor Lodge and its membership. When he was elected Secretary the membership was only ninety-eight and today we are proud to say Anchor Lodge is the second largest Blue Lodge in the state, with a membership of 1300. Uncle Dan has not only witnessed this growth, he is directly responsible for much of it, he has labored faithfully, and oftentimes he has discharged his duties at the cost of personal sacrifice. Anchor lodge is his pride and joy and Uncle Dan is San Antonio Masons' pride and joy.

Uncle Dan was first made a Mason in Embro, Canada, in Thistle Lodge No. 250, on March 26, 1874. Later he demitted to Speed Lodge No. 180, at Guelph, Canada. On June 2, 1886, he became a member of Anchor Lodge No. 424: he was elected Junior Warden June 24, 1887, and became Worshipful Master June 22, 1888: he was made secretary pro tem in 1889 and in 1890 was elected Secretary, which office he has held up to date.

Tice Crandall, Texas.

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A NOTE AS TO THE CARDINAL VIRTUES

In regard to the cardinal virtues, about which a paragraph appeared on page 124 of THE BUILDER, April, 1922, I should like to refer you to "Wisdom of Solomon," chapter 8, verse 7.

John A. Rosen, Texas.

Upon referring to the book above mentioned, chapter 8, verse 7, we find this excellent saying: "And if a man loveth righteousness, the fruits of Wisdom's labor are virtues: for she teacheth soberness and understanding, righteousness and courage; and there is nothing in life for man more profitable than these."

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DOES MASONRY EXCLUDE THE AGNOSTIC?

I note with interest your definitions of various religious theories in the February issue of THE BUILDER. There is one point made by you, however, to which I must take exception, and that is your definition of Agnosticism. The latter part of your explanation is correct, but the word does not properly denote nor even connote a disbelief in the existence of God. Agnosticism is equally oposed to Theism (or Deism) and to Atheism. The agnostic merely denies the ability of the finite to comprehend the infinite. The term was formulated by Huxley to distinguish his position from that of a rejection of belief in a Deity.

I cite the following definitions from dictionaries of recognized authority as supporting my statement:

"The doctrine that neither the nature nor existence of God, nor the ultimate character of the Universe (i. e., whether it is material or ideal) is knowable."

"Any doctrine which, while professing belief in God's existence, denies the knowableness of His nature."

Thus Mansel and Spencer, as well as Huxley, were Agnostics.

I believe it may also fairly be said that the exponents of Pantheism are generally agnostics also.

The distinction which I have made is, I believe, vital, for whereas no man may be made a Mason without expressing a belief in a Deity, there is nothing in Masonry to exclude the agnostic. Indeed, to my own personal knowledge, many members of the Craft are agnostics. The Theist, and more particularly the Deist, not only believes but insists that he knows of the existence of a personal God. The atheist expresses equally positive knowledge of the non-existence of any controlling power, personal or non-personal. The agnostic regards both extremes as equally absurd, and while he may believe in a personal Deity, or in several Gods, or merely in the pantheistic doctrine of the one Reality of which all earthly expressions are but integral phenomena he at the same time recognizes the fact that this belief is nothing more than a personal conviction and a guess, a more or less futile attempt to comprehend the incomprehensible, and that so long as he is confined to finite form and finite limitations, he cannot hope nor expect to understand or explain the infinite.

D. A. Embury, New York.

Our point was that Agnosticism is un-belief, not dis-belief. Are you right in saying that the finite cannot comprehend the infinite? in higher mathematics we are doing it all the time. — Editor

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"THE CITY OF SAINTS"

Having read the articles "Mormonism and Masonry" by Bro. Sam H. Goodwin in your issues of February and March, 1921, also the one in the issue of February, 1922, I thought the following excerpt from "The City of the Saints" by Sir Richard F. Burton might interest your readers. This is from the second edition, London, 1862, p. 462.

"Mr. Little also recounted to us his experiences among the Indians, whom he, like all the Mormons, firmly believed to be children of Israel under a cloud. He compared the Medicine lodge to a Masonic hall, and declared that the so-called Red men had signs and grips like ourselves; and he related how an old chief, when certain symbolic actions were made to him, wept and wailed, thinking how he and his had neglected their observances. The Saints were at one time good Masons; unhappily they wanted to be better. The angel of the Lord brought to Mr. Joseph Smith the lost key-words of several degrees, which caused him, when he appeared amongst the brotherhood of Illinois, to 'work right ahead' of the highest, and to show them their ignorance of the greatest truths and benefits of Masonry. The natural result was that their diploma was taken from them by the Grand Lodge, and they are not admitted to a Gentile gathering. Now heathens without the gate, they still cling to their heresy, and declare that the other Masonry is, like the Christian faith, founded upon truth, and originally of the eternal church, but fallen away and far gone in error. There is no race, except perhaps antiquaries, more credulous than the brethren of the Mystic Craft. I have been told, by one who may have deceived himself, but would not have deceived me, that the Royal Arch, notoriously a corruption of the Royal Arras, is known to the Bedouins of Arabia; whilst the dairy of the Neilgherry Todas, with its exclusion of women, and its rude ornamentation of crescents, circles, and triangles, was at once identified with the 'old religion of the world whose vestiges survive amongst all people.' But these are themes unfit for an 'entered apprentice."'

W. S. Brown, South Carolina.

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Brethren will note that it is a Mormon, not Sir Richard Burton, who is expressing himself in this paragraph. The reference to the Todas is interesting. How their dairy ritual has ever escaped our argus-eyed symbologists is a mystery. By a happy coincidence ye editor is now engaged in reviewing a book on the Todas. It will soon appear.

— Editor.

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ANOTHER BOOK ON THE LOST WORD

In the reply to R.E.M., Texas, on the "Lost Word," in THE BUILDER, July, page 219, one of the most important and best monographs on this subject was omitted, namely: "The Lost Word" by Garrison, published in Geo. F. Fort's "Early History and Antiquities of Freemasonry." I do not know whether this is included in all editions but my copy (1875) has it.

D. D. Berolzheimer. New York.

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HOW ARE MASONIC SICK CARED FOR? AN URGENT REQUEST FOR INFORMATION

I have been asked to gather information as to what individual lodges, and also all bodies acting in concert in other cities, have done or are doing to provide for local and sojourning brothers who need surgical and medical attention, either in hospitals or at their homes.

Full details are needed as to who pays the bills, where the cases are handled, who arranges the details, what discounts are made, whether the beds are in wards, rooms, or separate buildings, under Masonic name, auspices, control, etc. Please send all information, no matter how trivial, it may be just what I need. We have a number of varied cases to take care of, and wish to know how others have done the work.

J. T. Holden, 623 Ochsner Bldg., Sacramento, Cal.