THE BUILDER MAGAZINE

A Journal for the Masonic Student

Published Monthly by the National Masonic Research Society

Vol. 10 No. 12 – December 1924

A REAL MENACE

Bro. S. Parkes Cadman, D.D., New York

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Dr. Cadman contributed to THE BUILDER for May last an essay so forceful that after these many months special copies of it are still being requested. In the present article Dr. Cadman returns to his attack on sin and unreason and reiterates his appeal to Masons to stand guard over our precious moral heritage. He is making similar appeals to Masons from the platform every little while; Ye Editor has been urging it upon him to collect these addresses into a volume that they may have the permanence and wide hearing they deserve. Will not Dr. Cadman's admirers in the Brotherhood back Ye Editor in this effort to persuade so busy a man to add yet one more obligation to his many duties? A review of his latest book was published in the Library Department, September of this year, page 285.

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TIME was when the secret societies of Continental Europe were organizations that wove plots about the feet of tyrannical rulers who sniped treason everywhere. Although the majority of such rulers have vanished, and those who remain are shorn of their power, the traditional enmity between them and secret societies persists, and differentiates English speaking Masonry from that of the European Continent. The Royal House of Windsor has been identified with our Order for nearly two centuries. It is an accepted procedure for one or more of the princes of that house to enroll as a Mason. King Edward VII, before he came to the throne, was the Grand Master of the Order in Britain. The Duke of Connaught now holds that office, if my memory serves me correctly, and the Prince of Wales belongs to the Fraternity as a matter of course. The leading citizens of every shire in Great Britain follow the example of these princes who, although limited in politics by a strictly interpreted constitutionalism, have great influence in the social life, not only of Great Britain but of the Empire.

In a recent history of Secret Societies and Subversive Movements Mrs. Nesta H. Webster infers that while conspiracies and plottings against the established government in church and state are congenial to the secret societies among continental peoples, those societies are nothing more than fraternal and loyal organizations so far as we and our English speaking brothers are concerned. Indeed, this talented authoress goes so far as to assert that our type of Freemasonry and the Roman Catholic Church are the two chief bulwarks of faith and morals against assaults from the secret and open forces of disruption. This theory will not commend itself to many of my readers, any more than to many Christians of the Roman Catholic persuasion. Yet there is something to be said in its favor since both Masons any many Roman Catholics, along with the bulk of Protestants generally, are conservative in their attitude on ethical and religious issues. None who maintain a firm belief in God as the Father of all men, and in the Bible as the Great Light of Masonry and of mankind can be anything else but conservative in view of the present welter of opinions publicly paraded and detrimental to the whole structure of our culture as a nation.

An attack is made upon marriage in particular, and the accepted codes of sex morality in general, by those who have a common and utterly foreign point of view. The leaders of this invasion come in the main from Eastern and Central Europe, but they have recognized allies in English speaking lands, who ridicule faith in another and a Higher Power — self existent, independent, absolute, from whom all true religion and virtue alike proceed. They are materialists to a man and not a few literary women are included in their ranks. Samuel Merwin, the well-known American novelist, declares that these propagandists are "Freudian in morals, futurists in painting, cacophonously suggestive in music, perverse in literature, Bolshevists in politics." One does not have to admit all the articles of this sweeping indictment, but it gives Masons food for serious reflection. So long as many earnest brethren among us are liable to misdirect their reformative energies the real antagonists of social wellbeing are likely to elude them. It can be said of some of these brethren that,

"Twice they vanquish all their foes
And twice they slay the slain."

While putting up men of straw for the sheer pleasure of knocking them down again may fascinate Masonic brethren of a certain kind, the foes they should defeat occupy strategic positions in journalism, and in the republic of letters, from which they disseminate a considerable quantity of filth.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS CAUSE ALARM

I am not an alarmist nor have I lost my trust in the healthy mindedness of the average American, but recent abominations upon the part of young criminals are but the sinister indications of a widespread mischief wrought by non-moral writers and publicists who take advantage of our freedom to sap its foundations. Croce, the best philosopher of the Latin people, is alive to this evil. He defends monogamous marriage, not only as the responsible and disciplinary act which insures the continuance of parenthood, but as the legitimate and necessary fulfilment of one of the noblest functions of human beings. It is superfluous for me to undertake its defense in these columns, which are dedicated to its sanctity and to that of the family. Our Order has enacted excellent regulations bearing upon a Mason's conduct in all questions relating to domestic security and peace.

But the shameless exhibitions I have mentioned, the demoralizations of a debauched drama, the tolerated paganism of clever paragraphists of the press, the scandalous escapades of those wretched creatures, rich or not rich, who occupy the front pages of the press and supply its daily sensation, require far more drastic treatment than Masonry as a working system has yet introduced. It is high time for those who still believe in the Theism of Israel, in the Christianity of Christ, in the obligations of morals, and in the fundamentals of our individual and national life, to awaken out of their fatuous slumber. Their enemies are in the field and there is nothing secret about their operations. They produce and defend conscienceless assassins. Their outer fringe of sentimentalists who oppose the penalties attached to capital crimes unwittingly aid and abet them.

What can Masons do practically to resist this contagion? They can be active in detecting its symptoms in cults, groups, lecturers, pressmen, columnists, and "high brows" who ridicule the plain morals we profess. Once these symptoms are manifested, it is the foresworn duty of every Mason to cut them out of his life and that of his family; and reject the papers, magazines and books that print this erotic rubbish. Disregard those subtle pleas about eugenics and psychoanalysis and the brilliant imagination and enthralling style which are nothing more nor less than briefs for personal uncleanness and social degradation.

You hear or read in the prevalent clamor of talk that men and women have the right to express themselves in any way that instinct and impulse may urge. It is said that to repress these instincts and impulses is contrary to life's best estate. The hogs of the stye, had they reason and speech, would echo such pleas and arguments. But the men and women whom we have known in our homes and churches, in our cities and towns, and upon the farmsteads of the country sides are not prepared to surrender the America they have inherited from God-fearing ancestors to Orientalized barbarians. They abhor the turpitude and lust, half concealed and half revealed by advocates whose backgrounds lie in moral anarchy. They feel that the decency we associate with our wives and mothers must be passed on to our sons and daughters undefiled by this river of death.

Those English-speaking Masons who were wise enough years ago to reject affiliation with Continental lodges that were and are largely atheistical and political have been abundantly justified. Some of the sickening results of that mongrelized system, which is neither truly Masonic nor religious, have been transplanted to our shores. Brotherly love, truth, relief of suffering, defense of the real values of life still make us strong in the Deity who ordained them to resist the onslaught now being made, and if nation-wide Masonry undertakes the effective rebuke of its dirty crusades it will earn the renewed gratitude of our citizenship and insure its own causes.

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THE THREE DEGREES

Bro. David S. Lofthouse, Canada

Entered Apprentice

Fellowcraft

Master Mason

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AN EARLY OHIO MASONIC RECORD

Bro James J. Tyler, M.D., Ohio

AN interesting discovery has been made by W. H. Cathcart, secretary of the Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio, in the form of a printed copy of the proceedings of the Grand Convention of Free and Accepted Masons at which time the Grand Lodge of Ohio had its origin. Added interest is taken in the little pamphlet of seven printed pages because on the title page appears the signature of George Tod, representative from Erie Lodge, No. 47 (now Old Erie, No. 3, Warren, Ohio), secretary of the convention and the first Right Worshipful Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of Ohio.

The discovery was made by Mr. Cathcart upon opening the drawer in a desk and going over some old papers, no one evidently having been acquainted with its existence, although the Western Reserve Historical Society possesses all the papers which belonged to George Tod.

The pamphlet is in a remarkable state of preservation, the paper being but slightly discolored by age. The title page reads as follows:

The opening paragraph recites that "at a meeting of delegates from all the Lodges in this State, at Chillicothe, on the first Monday of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eight, and in the year of Light five thousand eight hundred and eight, were present, to-wit:

This list of twelve delegates is remarkable because of the fact that Lewis Cass, future Governor of Michigan, is mentioned. He later became Secretary of War in the administration of President Jackson. George Tod was the father of one of the "war Governors" of Ohio, David Tod. The first Grand Master chosen by these delegates was General Rufus Putnam, cousin of the noted Revolutionary war veteran, General Israel Putnam. In 1778, General Rufus Putnam founded the first organized, lawful English settlement at Marietta, Ohio.

The proceedings narrate that Robert Oliver was called to the chair and that George Tod was appointed secretary. The credentials of the delegates were examined and after some discussion those of New England Lodge, No. 48, were ruled out.

The convention deliberated through four consecutive days, and its labors resulted in the unanimous adoption of the following resolution proposed by Bro. Lewis Cass and seconded by Bro. John W. Seely.

"RESOLVED, That it is expedient to form a Grand Lodge in the State of Ohio."

They next drafted and adopted a few simple rules in the form of resolutions for the formation of a Grand Lodge, among which was one appointing as the time the first Monday in January, 1809, and Chillicothe as the place, for holding the first Grand Communication of the Grand Lodge of Ohio.

The convention then proceeded to elect, by ballot, the following officers of the Grand Lodge, viz.:

1. Rufus Putnam, Rt. W. Grand Master.
2. Thomas Henderson, Rt. W. Deputy Grand Master.
3. George Tod, Rt. W. Senior Grand Warden.
4. Isaac Van Horn, Rt. W. Junior Grand Warden.
5. Henry Massie, Grand Treasurer.
6. David Putnam, Grand Secretary.
7. Philemon Beecher, Grand Senior Deacon.
8. Levi Belt, Grand Junior Deacon.
9. Charles Augustus Steuart, Grand Marshal.
10. Peter Spurck, Grand Tyler.

The Grand Lodge met the following year at the time and place designated. The Most Worshipful Grand Master not attending, the Deputy Grand Master presided.

The following letter from Worshipful Bro. Rufus Putnam was read:

At this Grand Communication one of the delegates from Erie Lodge, No. 47, Samuel Huntington, was elected as the second Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ohio. He was a learned lawyer, the nephew, namesake and protege of that Governor of Connecticut who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and who himself became the second Governor of Ohio.

Note by the Author — The Robert Oliver delegate from Union Lodge, No. 1, is the R. Oliver, Master of American Union Lodge No. 1, mentioned in Bro. M. M. Johnson's article "Concerning the Story of Freemasonry in New Jersey," page 109, THE BUILDER, April, 1924. On page 110 of the same article a record is quoted from the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts to the effect that delegates from American Union Lodge were prevented from attending in 1808, but this old record shows that delegates were present at the Convention of that year. The records of the Grand Lodge of Ohio show that they were not present the following year on Jan. 2, 1809, on the day set for holding the first Grand Communication:

"About the time it would have been necessary for them to commence their journey, an alarming and unprecedented inundation had laid that town under water, and the distress and confusion inseparable from such a situation, probably prevented the attendance of their delegation."

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GOD IS LIGHT

By Bro. H. L. Haywood, Editor

THE man who is abroad at night-fall sees a profound change come over the world. The distance grows purple; orange and red settle about the nearer hills; a mist creeps up the valleys, and earth and sky grow strangely beautiful. After a little, red, orange and purple change to a deep gray; the horizon grows black; nearer things begin to fade away, until at last nothing at all remains visible. A darkness almost solid envelops everything, even the mind, so that the mountain which a little while ago filled up half the sky is now as if it were not; there is no distance: there is nothing left but a sensation of blackness. The man gropes slowly along; he stumbles against boulder and ruts; he cannot find his path; he grows confused and afraid; the home toward which he was making his way is now lost in some unknown direction. He is compelled to lie on the ground lest he inadvertently walk over some bank and fall to the rocks below.

After interminable hours, day breaks again. Light comes. Once again he can see things as they are. The sky is no longer a blackness but a great blue depth in which gray clouds float by. Each common thing becomes itself again; the tree is a tree, the rock is a rock, the mountain stands where it did before. The traveler now walks swiftly along, without fear of losing his way, because he sees here and there beyond him the familiar landmarks by which he guides himself to his home. Such is light. It enables one to see things as they really are; it helps one to find the path home; it restores to a man his own world.

God is light. What the sun does for a world lost in night, God does for the human mind. In the mere thought of Him the darkness lifts; we see things as they are, and not as in a mirage; we find the path that "leads us thither where we wish to go"; we walk and live in certainty, in confidence, and therefore in peace. The man who walks through a world which he believes to be a blind, dead thing, composed of unliving forces and indifferent energies, where the human soul itself is the strange result of a chain of chances, where his very being rests in the keeping of forces to which it means no more than a fly on the highway, that man must necessarily live in uneasiness and fear, ever afraid lest the blow fall and he cease to exist, ever doubting his own senses, ever looking forward from catastrophe to catastrophe. To such a one God comes as a great light. All things fall into normal proportions; the ground grows solid beneath his feet; he treads the path before him with confidence.

God in Himself is light. He understands everything there is. Unlike us, He is such by His nature that He does not need to feel His way about, blindly putting out one hand before the other, puzzled and alarmed; but He is perfectly at home with the universe. Under every conceivable circumstance, He knows immediately what to do, and is able to do it. There is no great sphinx to Him, no appalling enigma; all is broad daylight, and He knows each and everything as it really is. The meaning of this world, the outcome of the human race, the purpose of suffering, the mission of death, the future of us all, these things bear down upon our minds like a great weight, but to Him they are all as plain as the ground beneath one's feet at noon time. Some men live like passengers who have no confidence in the captain's ability to handle a ship; their fears rob every moment of its joy. They should learn that there is no possibility of God's failure. To Him the good ship Earth, every atom of it, every passenger upon it, and every inch of the Great Deep over which that "divine ship" sails, is as clearly known as if it were all transparent glass. For to Him there are no puzzles, no mysteries, no fears, no dreaded outcomes, but everywhere the clarity, the certainty, the calmness of daylight, because He is Himself light.

When I am most harassed and driven, I like best to think of God. It heals the hurts of my mind to feel that the One who knows the most about all things is the One who does not fear or worry. It makes me believe that if I lived in such light I also would have no fears either, but would endure a little while, knowing that sooner or later all things will make for our peace. When I once found myself very close to death, it gave me great ease of heart to know that my own being was in the keeping, not of an aggregation of helpless and blind energies, but of One who was as easily able to care for me, to carry me through the Great Experience, as I had been, in the days of health to carry my own babe across the room.

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THE AMERICAN CRAFT AND THE GREAT PLAGUE

Bro. Robert J. Newton, Texas

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If a deluge of letters can be accepted as a fair indication the challenge issued by Bro. Newton in his "J'Accuse!" in the October issue, followed by Bro. Skinkle's plea and Bro. Potterton's statement of the large ideals of Masonic relief in the November number, has come home to the heart of the American Craft. In the statement given below Bro. Newton presents with telling emphasis facts and figures about our Tuberculosis problem, prepared, so he writes privately, for the brethren "from Missouri" who desire to "be shown" about this tragical situation. Grand Master Frank Knox, of Idaho, has already expressed his deep and active interest in the great project, may many others follow! The American Craft has no other such opportunity for service. Communications from Masonic bodies and individuals will be forwarded to Bro. Newton; the limitations of space make it impossible to publish many of them in THE BUILDER. If you have an idea, a suggestion, or a criticism send it in; it will help, whether published or not.

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IN the Editor's appeal entitled "A Sign and a Summons," in the October BUILDER, discussing the Masonic tuberculosis problem, he said, "Brother Mason, will you not acquaint yourself with the facts? Will you not help to make these facts everywhere known?"

And the brethren are responding. They are interested in the appeal made for Masons suffering from consumption. Many of them, with the well-known and much advertised Missouri spirit ask to be "shown". What are the facts? Upon what do we base our appeal for help? I submit the following for their information:

In November, 1921, I addressed a letter to the National Tuberculosis Association and asked them to make an estimate of the number of deaths and number of living cases of tuberculosis among 2,500,000 Freemasons. Following is a copy of this estimate given me under date of Nov. 23, 1921:

The brethren are asked to take note of the fact that this estimate is based upon the Census Bureau reports for the years 1910 to 1915, the only years for which such information was available in November, 1921-2.

Also please note that this estimate was made upon a Masonic population of 2,500,000.

A MORE RECENT ESTIMATE IS GIVEN

Nearly three years later, I again asked the National Tuberculosis Association for a revision of these figures and a new estimate of the number of deaths and living cases, based upon a Masonic population of 3,000,000, which is nearer correct at the present time than the previous figure of 2,500,000. This new estimate is based upon the Census Bureau reports for the years 1920 and 1922, which are now available.

These two estimates based upon National vital statistics show a decrease in the number of cases and deaths throughout the country and of course a corresponding decrease in the ranks of Masonry. Any group of three million males would contain an equal number of cases and have an equal number of deaths. Note that there are one and one-half times as many deaths and cases among males over twenty years of age as there are in the general population.

Reference is made in both estimates to the Framingham Demonstration. For the benefit of those who are not students of sociological and public health activities we submit the following:

In 1916 the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company made an offer of a gift of approximately $200,000 to the National Tuberculosis Association to finance the expense of a comprehensive and complete tuberculosis and health study of a typical American community. Framingham, Mass., was selected for this purpose in November, 1916.

This survey was carried on during a period of seven years and the reports are now available and it is from this study, as well as from the reports of the Census Bureau, that the foregoing estimates have been made.

According to the National Tuberculosis Association one person in every one hundred of population has tuberculosis in an active form and one person in every one hundred has tuberculosis in an arrested, or latent form.

Among three million Masons this would total 30,000 active cases and 30,000 arrested or latent cases. However, the Census Bureau returns indicate that there are one and one-half as many deaths among males over twenty as there are in the general population, so it is reasonable to assume that there are more living cases among men than among the general population. The latest estimate of the National Tuberculosis Association of 40,000 active cases needing treatment is conservative.

WHAT DOES TUBERCULOSIS COST?

Another aspect of the problem which has heretofore received no attention is the economic cost of tuberculosis to the Fraternity. How much does it cost us in dollars and cents? Following is an estimate prepared by the National Tuberculosis Association covering this phase of the subject:

A MASONIC SURVEY WAS MADE

In 1922 the Tuberculosis Sanatoria Commission of the M. W. Grand Lodges of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico made an investigation, limited by meager funds, of the situation in the Southwest, to which part of the country thousands of consumptives resort in search of health or a longer lease of life. Such facts as we were able to gather were included in our report, which also contains the recommendations of the Commission and much additional matter pertinent to this subject, and which we have been unable to print be cause of lack of funds. Following is a portion of this report:

While this commission has no definite instructions to secure any facts as to the number of consumptive Masons who come to the Southwest seeking health, an effort was made to get some information from the Masonic lodges of West Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado, as to the number of applicants for aid and the amount expended for their care and treatment.

Circular letters were sent to all lodges, but very few responded to the request for information. Lack of records showing the cause of distress made it impossible for them to give us the facts we sought, and we are unable to furnish any complete statistics for this report.

The Masonic Relief and Employment Bureau of San Antonio records do not show the cause of distress when relief is given. Secretary Leland S. Woods estimated that at least 50 cases of tuberculosis are given some assistance every year at an expense of about $2,000. This includes Masons or members of Masonic families. About one-half of this amount is refunded by the lodges to which the afflicted brethren belong.

The Masonic Relief Bureau of El Paso reports that approximately 25 Masons were under treatment in El Paso sanatoria at all times during the years 1917-18-19, at an expense to the Relief Bureau of $50 monthly. During 1920-21 the average dropped to 14 and the expense to $35 monthly. The home lodge reimbursed the bureau for the greater part of the expense. On Aug. 14, 1922, there were 185 members of El Paso lodges under treatment for tuberculosis, the expense of which was borne individually or by the lodges of the city. Few of these patients were natives of the city and affiliated with lodges in El Paso after they came to the city in search of health.

Tucson Lodge, No. 4, of Tucson. Ariz., reports the expenditure of $3,000 in the last five years for the care of the sick, practically all suffering from tuberculosis. This does not include additional funds secured from home lodges for the same purpose. The largest amount was expended in 1921, and this would seem to indicate that the number of sick brethren coming to that city is increasing.

Arizona Lodge, No. 2, located at Phoenix, reports that they care for a large number of consumptive Masons from the North and East every year, but that the expense, in most cases, is borne by the home lodges.

Temple Lodge, No. 6, at Albuquerque, reports that there are many brethren who are patients in tuberculosis sanatoria in and about the city, and that the number coming to the city seems to be increasing. Home lodges have refunded money expended for relief of the brethren.

The Sojourners' Club, an organization of Masons who are patients at the U. S. Veterans' Hospital No. 55, and of Masons who are residents of Fort Bayard, N. M., reports that aid has been given to 38 Masons and members of Masons' families since Nov. 1, 1921, at a total expense of $2,529.27. This relief consisted of monthly allowances to Masons who are not receiving Government compensation and have no income, and also takes the form of emergency loans and family relief. The club Secretary reports 12 Masons, who are not service men and who cannot therefore receive Government aid, who need hospital treatment for tuberculosis, but who are financially unable to pay for same end' who must work to maintain themselves. These 12 men are employed at the station and there are other brethren, the total number of whom cannot be ascertained, in like circumstances in the vicinity of Fort Bayard.

Of the brethren assisted by the Sojourners' Club only three claimed New Mexico as their home state and the remainder came from 19 other states of the American Union.

Many lodges in smaller cities have given aid to sick brethren from all parts of the country but few have kept records of this fraternal assistance. It is impossible to compile any exact statistics showing the total number of such brethren who have received help, or to give any figures showing the number of Masons who have come to the Southwest because of tuberculosis. Every Mason living in the Southwest knows of one or more such eases, and every Mason in the North and East knows of brethren who have gone to the Southwest seeking health. The number is legion.

The United States Public Health Service made a study of the Inter-State Migration of Tuberculosis Persons, during the years 1914-15. The reports were published in bulletins of the service and are available on request to the surgeon-general. Much valuable information was secured by the officers of the Public Health Service in this survey. It was found that. the migration of the far-advanced cases was decreasing but that apparently the number of first and second stage cases moving to the Southwest was on the increase. Much destitution and suffering among the sick was found.

The survey by the Public Health Service was made at the request of the state health officers of Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and California, and the request for the survey was made at the suggestion of the Southwestern Conference on Tuberculosis. The conference submitted several bills to the Congress of the United States, designed to secure hospital care for the consumptive sick from northern and eastern states. About the time the effort was near successful culmination, the war ended all chance of securing the necessary legislation for some years. About this time the National Tuberculosis Association made an estimate that no less than 10 per cent of the population of Colorado New Mexico, Arizona, Southern California and West Texas have tuberculosis. In this same bulletin the Association stated that the health authorities estimated that not less than 10,000 hopelessly diseased consumptives come west to die each year, and that 50 per cent to 60 per cent of them are too poor to provide the necessaries of life, and they are either starved to death or compelled to accept the meager charity which this part of the country affords.

The latest information on this subject is contained in an article by Miss Jessamine S. Whitney, statistician of the National Tuberculosis Association entitled "The Indigent, Migratory Tuberculosis in Certain Cities of the Southwest."

Miss Whitney's survey covered six of the leading health resort cities of the Southwest. In the six cities there was a total of 7.319 tuberculous individuals cared for wholly or in part by the municipal charity agencies, an average of one indigent tuberculous person to every 155 of the entire population of these cities. In Cleveland, Ohio, where a similar study was made there was found only one tuberculous person to every 231 of the population.

The enormous burden carried by the Southwest in the care of these sick from other cities and states can be appreciated when it is understood that 75 per cent of the sick in the Southwestern cities are non-residents, while in Cleveland, Ohio. only 11 per cent of those under the care of social agencies are classed as non-residents. The sick men and women of the Southwest are citizens of northern and eastern states. Of this large number of non-resident sick, 16 per cent made application for help to some local agency within one week of their arrival in the Southwest. One-third applied for help within one month of their arrival. Fifty per cent asked for assistance within three months and 90 per cent of them were in need of help and made application for it within one year.

Seventy-two per cent of all known non-residents were men and 28 per cent women showing that it is the men primarily who roam in search of health. Thirty per cent of the men brought their families with them. Seventy per cent are classed as "homeless" men and are, therefore, the biggest part of the problem, numerically.

Citizens of the following states in the order named furnish half of the migration to the Southwest Illinois. New York, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan. Indiana. Kansas, Oklahoma, Nebraska and Minnesota. One-fourth of the migration to San Antonio is from other Texas points, and many Texans go to New Mexico and Arizona cities.

The foregoing, from an official report to the great national organization, which has for years led the light against the Great White Plague in America, will give just a faint idea of conditions in the Southwest.

WHAT SHALL WE MASONS DO?

Organize, as suggested in the article in the October BUILDER. Raise money, build hospitals, take care of the sick and restore them to health and to their families. The cost to each individual Freemason will be small.

The Modern Woodmen of America, The Woodmen of the World, and other fraternities, labor unions and churches are doing this for their membership. Why should Freemasonry be the last, when it should be the first in benevolent work?

Dr. J. G. Pace, Superintendent of the Modern Woodmen Sanatorium, says in his 1921 report:

"Patients who have graduated from the Modern Woodmen Sanatorium have earned twelve million dollars since leaving the institution, as shown by the annual report received from our graduates, or ex-patients."

In addition to all of the other arguments, brethren, the care of our Masonic brethren in Masonic Hospitals will be a good business proposition.

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A NOTE CONCERNING ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND FREEMASONRY

Of late years a great many articles have been published in Masonic periodicals concerning a possible connection between President Lincoln and the Masonic Order. We have just come upon an item that will be considered of some value by brethren so interested, and is here offered as a contribution to the data that has been accumulated.

On April 17, l 865, only three days after Lincoln had been shot by John Wilkes Booth, Tyrian Lodge, No. 333, A. F. & A. M., Springfield, Ill., adopted a set of resolutions to express the lodge's great sorrow at Lincoln's death. Of this resolution, signed by five members of the lodge as a committee, two paragraphs are here printed:

The second of the two paragraphs just quoted proves conclusively two very important points: First, that Lincoln at the time of his death was not a member of the Craft; second, that he had planned, at such a time as he might believe suitable, to petition for the degrees. This resolution, coming from friends and neighbors of Lincoln so short a time after his death, is the highest degree of authenticity and, therefore, deserves a prominent place: in Lincolniana, so far as Masonry is concerned. Also it shows that at the time of his election Lincoln was not, as has often been alleged, a non-believer in God, else a man of his sincerity of mind would not have considered membership in an Order of which belief in God is the first requisite.

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THE ECLIPSE OF THE HEAVENLY BRIGHTNESS

An Apologue

Bro. Donald Hughes, California

MASTER OF THE SECRET — My son, it has now been many years since first you sought us out in our Hidden School. You arrived at the end of a weary day, worn and disconsolate, with the burden of a great search upon you.

AN APPRENTICE — I came from a place very far away. From my childhood I had cherished the great fear of death. The Tragedy of the End was one I dared not to confront. The wise told me that if I sought you out you would teach me how to escape death. I have learned the Great Secret. My feet are now on a path that has no ending. Mornings will break and evenings will fall forever, but I shall heed them not. My friends will never be called upon to weep above my grave. My gratitude for your wisdom is more than I can express.

MASTER — And are you now satisfied? Is there not something else to be desired in the cup of your happiness?

APPRENTICE — Nothing. What more could I wish? Endless life is mine; is not a man's joy complete after he has put the Shadow behind him?

MASTER — Perhaps. Your feet have indeed found the Path that has no Ending. Is there not something you may wish to find as you journey along it?

APPRENTICE — What could there be? I shall start upon it at dawn tomorrow, with no fear before me.

MASTER — If that be your intention, my son, let me then have this last hour with you, before the dusk falls. Even in so short a time it is possible that I can teach you another wisdom. Let us follow this path a little on which we now stand. See, it leads among the hills toward the mountain that has overlooked the valley in which you have been abiding with us these many years. You will notice that as we leave the village behind us we meet with no more gardens. A garden is a man's out-of-doors home... . Now we find the trees thinning away; like us they crave for companionship... . Here the shrubbery begins to grow more sparse; there is little soil upon these heights.... At last the grass fails us; its tender blades demand more than these naked rocks can give them.... And now we have reached the summits where only eagles are at home... . You start with surprise!

APPRENTICE — Yes, I had always supposed this to be the outermost sentinel of a chain of snowy peaks.

MASTER — No, it is only the wall of our valley. You are taken aback to find the immensity of this high plateau before you?

APPRENTICE — It appears to be endless.

MASTER – It is. Those flat reaches stretch on forever.

APPRENTICE — But the sky is boundless with blue and golden splendor!

MASTER — It is a land where no birds sing.

APPRENTICE — But it is very beautiful. There are no shadows upon it. Its floor is like a carpet of beaten brass!

MASTER — It is a land of little rain.

APPRENTICE — It is immensity itself, filled with magnificent distances!

MASTER — You would not come upon a house were you to walk across it through countless days. You would encounter no pilgrims upon that road which lies across it.

APPRENTICE — The road! I had not seen it before! It loses itself in the horizons. One might think it had been laid along the edge of a rule. Whither does it lead?

MASTER — It is the Highway of Endlessness. It leads nowhere. It is upon that road that you are to begin your journey tomorrow. What would you say if you were to walk along it through numberless life-times without meeting another being like yourself? what if you never came upon a human habitation? how would you feel if you were to find yourself with nothing except the knowledge that your path will never come to an end?

APPRENTICE — Master! That would be an eclipse of the Heavenly Brightness!

MASTER — Yes. But you asked for nothing else. You came to us with only one fear — the fear of the Tragedy of the End; you had only one desire — that no night should ever fall upon your existence; you made only one request of our wisdom — that we should teach you the Secret of Endless Existence.

APPRENTICE — I have learned the Great Secret.

MASTER — Yes, but it has not given you the joy you expected. Why not begin your journey at once? The Road is at your feet.

APPRENTTCE — Master! Master!

MASTER — You are filled with a tumult of new fear and apprehensions. The prospect of that everlasting solitariness fills you with dread. You are already wishing that you might remain with us in our Valley. You came seeking only the first Dimension of life. Did it never occur to you that Life has many Dimensions?

APPRENTICE — I discover that I have been an ignorant child.

MASTER — You came seeking Endless Life; it is Eternal Life that you need.

APPRENTICE — Eternal Life!

MASTER — Yes. That is life made perfect in all its Dimensions ….. My son, have you ever heard of the Brethren of the Mystic Tie?

APPRENTICE — I have seen their emblems above the lintels of a door. I have heard that they are Travellers toward the Light.

MASTER — They are, and more. They are a Hidden Brotherhood that has learned the secret of Labor and Refreshment. But they are more even than that. They possess a Great Wisdom for which you are now greatly hungered. It is the mighty need of your nature for their wisdom that causes your unhappiness.

APPRENTICE — What is their Great Wisdom?

MASTER — It is the knowledge of the Divine Geometry. The Brethren of the Mystic Tie long ago discovered the dimensions of the Holy City of Man. They learned, as you have learned, the lesson of the Mystic Twenty-Four Inch Gauge, that existence is endless; but they learned other lore to which you are a stranger. They know the secret of the Square, that life must have breadth, else its mere length would drive us insane; and of the Plumb, that life must have height and depth, else it is thin and poor, with no satisfaction for our hearts. What will it profit a man to travel the Road of Endlessness if his soul is eaten out with loneliness all the way!

APPRENTICE — I find myself weighed down with a new ignorance. Is it too late for me to turn back?

MASTER — To one who has learned the Secret of Endlessness it is never too late. Let us then return to our brethren. Their road is not a bleak and unbroken infinity, but winds and winds, with many a halt, and, many a hill, and countless feet upon it.

* * *

MORMONISM AND MASONRY

ANTI-MASONRY IN THE BOOK OF MORMON

Bro. S. H. Goodwin, Grand Secretary, Utah

(Concluded from November)

THE second step in our discussion of the subject brings us to a consideration of a few characteristic examples of the effects of this Anti-Masonic environment upon the Mormon prophet. To get the full force of this reaction to those abnormal conditions, one should have before him a compilation of all the charges made by the Anti-Masons, and check these by passages dealing with the same matters to be found in the Book of Mormon.

In all the discussions of the one absorbing subject, on the platform and in the press, certain alleged characteristics of the Masonic Institution were singled out for execration, and where these did not furnish the topic they came in for a large share of attention and denunciation. Among these, and given an unenviable pre-eminence in the catalogue of Masonry's offendings, was the matter of obligations, or "oaths", as they were more frequently designated. It is doubtful if a single Anti-Masonic gathering occurred in the period we are now considering, during which these "oaths" were not held up to ridicule and contempt. One has but to turn to the literature of the day and note how this word is sprinkled over its pages to find ample confirmation of this statement. [44] And in the treatment of this subject no epithet appeared to be too severe, or to suggest to auditors or readers the possibility of exaggeration; no arraignment, however scorching or malevolent, overtaxed the credulousness of those who sought the destruction of Masonry; no picture of the enormities of Masonic "oaths", however absurd in outline, or shocking and impossible in coloring, failed of public approval. In a word, to the highly inflamed imagination of Anti-Masonry, Masonic "oaths" embodied all that was horrible, irreligious and depraved. Evidence of contact and familiarity with this situation by the "Author and Proprietor" of the Book of Mormon is to be found in many passages in that book:

"And Akish did administer unto them oaths which were given by them of old who also sought power, which had been handed down from Cain"; "And now I Moroni do not write the manner of their oaths ... for they are had among all the people"; "...and he applied unto those whom he had sworn by the oath of the ancients"; "...and they adopted the old plans, and administered oaths after the manner of the ancients"; "Satan did stir up the hearts of the more part of the Nephites ... that they did unite with those bands of robbers, and did enter into their covenants and their oaths"; "Now behold, it is these secret oaths and covenants..."; "...those secret oaths and covenants and cloth hand down their plots, and their oaths and their covenants, and their plans of awful wickedness". [45]

WASHINGTON'S PHRASE WAS USED

Arguments against Masonry were drawn from almost every conceivable source by those who sought, and confidently predicted, the overthrow of the Masonic institution. Passages from the Bible, and from public documents and state papers, were torn from their connections and were made to do duty as militating against Freemasonry. A singular instance of this is to be found in the use made of a certain passage from Washington's Farewell Address. In two paragraphs of his final message to the people he refers twice to "combinations and associations" which were formed "with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation or action of the constituted authorities," as endangering fundamental principles of the government. Beyond any reasonable doubt, Washington had in mind the "democratic societies", to which he refers in his correspondence, and which then, and previously, had been operating in behalf of the Revolutionists of France. He had felt the keen sting and sharp power of hot criticism for which these societies had been responsible, and clearly saw the end toward which they were driving, and he warned the people against this danger. By no legitimate or fair construction or interpretation can those words be made to apply to Freemasonry. Yet, from a hundred Anti-Masonic platforms; in newspapers, and pamphlets, and books they were unblushingly and increasingly proclaimed as having been aimed directly at the Masonic Institution. And where they were not referred to the quarry whence they were digged, the words "combinations" and "associations" early came to occupy an outstanding position in the popular vocabulary of vituperation and denunciation. [46]

That these words, and especially the more significant of the two, "combinations," should be unmistakably echoed in the Book of Mormon, and this in its evil sense, need occasion no surprise: "...these workers of darkness and secret combinations"; "...cursed be the land forever ... unto those workers of darkness and secret combinations"; "...like unto him ... who beguiled our first parents, ...and stirreth the children of men unto secret combinations of murder and all manner of secret works of darkness"; "And there are also secret combinations, even as in times of old, according to the combinations of the devil, for he is the foundation of all these things"; "And it came to pass ... there was continual peace in the land, all save it were the secret combinations which Gadianton the robber had established"; "And thus they did put an end to all those wicked, and secret, and abominable combinations, in which there was so much wickedness"; "And the regulations of the government were destroyed, because of the secret combination of the friends and kindreds of those who murdered the prophets"; "Now this secret combination, which had brought so great iniquity upon the people, did gather themselves together..." [47]

"Abomination" was another word early seized upon and recoined in the mint of Anti-Masonry — some time before the Morgan agitation convulsed western New York — and thrown into circulation to express the abhorrence and detestation felt by those who sought the destruction of the Masonic Institution. "Men of every profession, occupation, and rank in life," declares one of the enemies of Freemasonry, and a "renouncer", "have borne public testimony to the profanity and abominations of the secret order." [48] The frequent recurrence of this word in passages in the Book of Mormon, descriptive of the doings and character of the secret society alleged to have been active among the progenitors of Mormonism, affords another illustration of Joseph Smith's reaction to his surroundings. In a single chapter it occurs eight times in as many verses, and nearly always linked with other words descriptive of heinous doings, as "murders, and robbings, and plunderings, and wickedness, and abominations"; "secret murders and abominations"; "works of darkness, and wickedness, and abominations)'; "their secrets and abominations"; "their secret abominations". In such a passage as the following the reflection is unmistakable: "Wo be unto you because of that great abomination which has come among you; and ye have united yourselves unto it, yea, to that secret band which was established by Gadianton." [49]

EVERY CRIME WAS CHARGED AGAINST FREEMASONRY

To the thoroughgoing advocate of Anti-Masonry, Freemasonry appeared as a veritable Pandora's box, without so much as one redeeming feature. As already intimated, there was not a wrong, or a crime, that was not directly charged to the Craft. Not only had Masons abducted and murdered Morgan, but many other murders were specifically laid at their door, and, in the language of an ex-President of the United States, "clusters of crimes perpetrated" to further the objects of Masonry. [50]

In many passages in the Book of Mormon, which deal with the doings of an alleged ancient secret society, the influence of the author's environment is plainly visible. "I must needs destroy the secret works of darkness, and of murders..."; "And he went unto those that sent him, and they all entered into a covenant, yea, swearing by their everlasting Maker, that they would tell no man that Kishkumen had murdered Pahoran"; "But behold, Kishkumen, who had murdered Pahoran was upheld by his band, who had entered into a covenant that no one should know his wickedness"; "And it came to pass that Helaman did send forth to take this band of ... secret murderers, that they might be executed according to law"; "...therefore they began to commit secret murders.... And behold those murderers ... were a band who had been formed by Kishkumen and Gadianton ... and there were many, even among the Nephites, of Gadianton's band"; "Satan did stir up the hearts of the more part of the Nephites, insomuch that they did unite with those bands ... and did enter into their covenants and oaths ... that they should not suffer for their murders..." [51]

Another charge urged with great vehemence and persistency, especially after grand juries had been summoned, as already noted, had used their best endeavors — without success — to run down the guilty ones, and had been discharged, was that the ends of justice were not served because officers of the law, more particularly the judges, were Freemasons. And when several men who were suspected of participation in the Morgan affair were brought to trial, and acquitted because of insufficient evidence, popular judgment at once declared that beyond a doubt such a termination of the trials was due to the influence of Freemasonry and to the fact that judges and juries were Masons, or dominated by Masons. [52]

THE PROPHET PAINTS A LURID PICTURE

The Mormon prophet's reaction to these charges appears in numerous instances. "And seeing the people in such a state of awful wickedness, and those Gadianton robbers filling the judgment-seats ... doing no justice unto the children of men ... condemning the righteous ... letting the guilty and the wicked go unpunished"; "And ... behold there were men who were judges, who also belonged to the secret band of Gadianton"; "And those judges were angry with him because he spake plainly unto them concerning their secret works of darkness." [53]

Many other accusations were brought against Masons and Masonry, all of which are clearly reflected in the Book of Mormon, but which cannot be considered at length here. The following additional brief list will help to an understanding of the character and scope of the crimes and misdemeanors imputed to the Craft.

It was charged by Anti-Masons that Masonry tried offenders against its own laws and punished them, even to the infliction of the death penalty; that it was a menace to the Government, destructive of the liberties of the people, and ruinous of Christian principle and practice; that Masonry is devilish, satanic in its origin, operations and tendencies; that it pretended to an antiquity to which it had no just claim; that it usurped political power and placed its adherents in high positions to further its own selfish and infernal ends; that it acts in secret because it fears the light of day, its deeds being evil; that Masonic obligations require that Masons shall protect a brother, right or wrong, and that Masonry had become so powerful that means for its overthrow cannot be found in the executive authorities, or judicial establishments of the country. All these and other charges, not set forth here, but which were almost as common in western New York as the air itself, during all of the time occupied by Joseph Smith in the preparation of the Book of Mormon, are faithfully and fully reflected in that book. [54]

To appreciate fully the extent to which the Mormon prophet reacted to his environment, in the particulars under consideration, requires the reading of the passages, to which reference has been made, in their connection. This course will leave no room for doubt that, to say the least — and however the fact may be accounted for — the secret society which is alleged to have operated among the ancient Americans, strangely and unmistakably paralleled, in principle and practice, and with remarkable accuracy in detail, all that fanatical hatred, inflamed by popular passion, asserted was characteristic of Freemasonry at the time when Joseph Smith was dictating the contents of the Book of Mormon. The conviction that the excoriation of Gadianton and his followers is a reflection of the Anti-Masonic conditions in western New York, in the midst of which the prophet did his work, will be greatly strengthened by an examination of the evidence, furnished by this "American Bible", of other palpable points of contact with, and admitted reminiscences of, environment. [55]

CONTEMPORARY OPINION IS CITED

The third division of the material available for our present purpose is more restricted than either of the two divisions already considered. Its significance, however, is not to be gauged by this fact alone. Here we have to do with contemporary opinion. The testimony is that of men who belonged to the very times in which Joseph Smith produced and published the Book of Mormon. So far as the records show, neither one of the witnesses now to be called had any reason whatever for attributing the "secret society" passages of the Book of Mormon to the Anti-Masonic excitement, other than the reasons current and generally accepted by the people of the time and place. In this matter these men reflected — and apparently with no ulterior motive — the convictions and beliefs of those who certainly were in a position to know how this matter was regarded by the people in that part of western New York.

In an earlier paragraph reference was made to the restless, turbulent, chaotic conditions which characterized the religious world for some time previous to the birth of Mormonism. Zeal for doctrine, which accompanied the emotional, passionate expression of devotional feeling, carried no hint of the importance of doing justice to the opinions of others, or of teaching and practicing a wider charity. The tossing of the murky waters of this uncharted theological sea strewed the shores with all manners of isms and sects — the flotsam, it would seem, of long years of religious bigotry and intolerance.

Among the men who were more or less responsible for keeping these waters in this roiled, disturbed state, was an Irishman, well-versed in religious polemics, a determined, fearless and unyielding controversialist, a protestant divine, Alexander Campbell by name. During the year in which the "plates" were turned over to Joseph Smith, he organized a church — the first fruits of his activities and the first of a new denomination, the "Disciples of Christ," or "Campbellites". As a "faithful watchman on the hills of Ephraim", he shirked no battle and was prepared for any emergency.

The first edition of the Book of Mormon was published in 1830, in the early part of the year, it would seem, and not long after Campbell secured a copy and proceeded to study its contents. His findings were presented to the public in the columns of the Millenial Harbinger, a monthly paper published by him at Bethenay, Virginia, which bears date of Feb. 7, 1831. The caption of the article, which later was published in pamphlet form, was "Delusions. An Analysis of the Book of Mormon." A hint as to the method and purpose of the reviewer is found in the words from the title-page of the pamphlet: "With an examination of its internal and external evidences, and a refutation of its presences to divine authority."

In spite of the acerbity of the comments — a feature which characterized all controversy of the period, especially in the realm of religion — this bit of work is lucid, searching, interesting and valuable; it blazed the way, apparently, for a considerable number of more recent critics of the "Golden Bible". Our interest in Campbell's criticism, however, centers in the few comments which show that he recognized and accepted the Masonic origin of the numerous secret society passages in the Book of Mormon.

CAMPBELL IS QUOTED

He remarks that "Masonry was invented about this time (in the period covered by the book of Helaman); for men began to bind themselves in secret oaths to aid one another in all things, good or evil." He notes the fact that Moroni "finishes what Mormon his father left undone, and continues the history till A. D. 400", and that he "laments the prevalency of freemasonry in the times when his book should be dug up out of the earth." [56] Under "Internal Evidences", Campbell presents many details illustrative of the influence of environment upon the author of the Book before us, among them one which bears directly on our subject. Number seven, of the series of paragraphs under this caption, reads:

"This prophet Smith, through his stone spectacles [57] wrote on the plates of Nephi in the Book of Mormon, every error and almost every truth discussed in New York for the last ten years. He decides all the great controversies — infant baptism, ordination, the Trinity, regeneration, repentance, justification, the fall of man, the atonement, transubstantiation, fasting, penance, church government, religious experience, the call to the ministry, the general resurrection, eternal punishment, who may baptize, and even the question of Freemasonry, republican government, and the rights of man. All these topics are repeatedly alluded to. How much more benevolent and intelligent this American Apostle than were the holy twelve, and Paul to assist them!! He prophesied of all these topics, and of the apostacy, and infallibly decides, by his authority, every question. How easy to prophecy of the past or the present time!! ...But he is better skilled in the controversies in New York than in the geography and history of Judea." [58] Concerning this list of reflections of local issues in the Book of Mormon, a recent and accepted writer of the Mormon church says: "...the list is pretty accurate, but by no means complete." He, however appears to take exception to the reference to Free Masonry in the somewhat cryptic statement: "In the item of Freemasonry, Mr. Campbell's hate spills over a little." [59]

Another keen observer, and occasionally sharp critic, of things American, who wrote his findings soon after the Book of Mormon first saw the light, was E. S. Abdy, "Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge." Abdy came to this country in the company of two other Englishmen, one of whom was commissioned by his Government to inspect the prisons of the United States. Abdy himself was interested chiefly, it would seem, in slavery as it then existed in this country, but he by no means confined himself to this subject. He traveled about in much the same way as had his countryman, Arthur Young, in France fifty years earlier, and in his book, Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of America, he has given us an interesting and valuable account of conditions as he found them.

ABDY IS QUOTED

In the course of his travels — which covered the period extending from April, 1833, to October, 1834, he passed leisurely through that part of western New York which had been the home and scene of the abduction of William Morgan, as well as of the operations of the Mormon prophet. Here, among others, he fell in with an ex-postmaster of Rochester who, evidently, was strongly Anti-Masonic in his views, and who was well acquainted with Joseph Smith. Abdy also came into contact with Mormonism and the "Mormonites" in Ohio and Kentucky, and early in his travels had access to a "copy of the translation Smith pretended to have made of the 'Shaster' he said he had found under a tree." Later, in his narrative, our author devotes more space to the Mormons and their Bible. From this portion of his record the following excerpt shows how he — as well as those with whom he mingled — regarded those passages in the Book of Mormon which refer to secret societies:

"One passage in this curious Koran," says Abdy, "clearly points to the place of its concoction and the prepossessions of its author, who would doubtless ground a claim for the prophetic spirit on this very objection from the unbeliever. It alludes most unequivocally, to the free-masons: Ontario county, in the State of New York, being the place where Morgan's murder excited such a spirit of hostility to the 'craft'. 'Satan,' says the plate, 'did stir up the hearts of the more part of the Nephites insomuch that they did unite with those bands of robbers, and did enter into their covenants and their oaths, that they would protect and preserve one another, in whatever difficult circumstances they should be placed; that they should not suffer for their murders, and their plunderings, and their sterlings. And it came to pass, that they did have their signs, yea, their secret signs and their secret words: and this that they might distinguish a brother, who had entered into the covenant, that, whatever wickedness his brother should do, he should not be injured by his brother, nor by those who did belong to his band, who had taken this covenant, and whosoever of their band should reveal unto the world their wickedness and their abominations, should be tried, not according to the laws of their country, but according to the laws of their wickedness which had been given by Gadianton and Kishkumen.'" [60]

HIS CONTEMPORARIES HAD NO DOUBTS

From the statement quoted above, and the character of the extract from the Book of Mormon, one can hardly escape the conviction that the contemporaries of Joseph Smith — those into whose hands came copies of the 1830 edition of the "Golden Bible" — had little, if any, doubt as to the source of the many Anti-Masonic reflections, or echoes, in the Book of Mormon. For a reading of the three volumes of Abdy's Journal will furnish conclusive proof of the fact that the author of that work catches, reflects and presents the opinions, prejudices and viewpoints of the communities he visited. Upon these he comments; these he criticizes or commends; and from a consideration of them, and other sources of information, he arrives at his own conclusions. Manifestly, he was not the only one who traced the origin of the Anti-Masonry of the Book of Mormon to the furore incident to, and the conditions growing out of, the disappearance of Morgan; in this he simply records the opinion commonly held by the people of that community and period.

It may be that the annals of the doings of Akish, Kishkumen and Gadianton found in the Book of Mormon are historical, instead of being palpable and perfectly natural reflections of conditions existing at the time, and in the locality in which Joseph Smith lived and did his work — as the present writer firmly believes to be the case. If historical, trustworthy and conclusive evidence in support of such a claim — or any reliable testimony — seems not to have been uncovered by anyone. On the other hand, there are so many known facts which unmistakably support the position taken in this paper that little, if any, room appears to be left for question.

It is quite possible, to be sure, that the matters selected for consideration in this study have not been arranged and presented to the best advantage, so that readers may get the full force and value of their testimony. But the writer is fully convinced that anything like a fair appraisal of the facts will amply justify the belief that those portions of the Book of Mormon which record the alleged doings of an ancient American secret society, owe their origin and character to the pressure of environment, to which the author of that book was as constantly exposed, and was as susceptible, as were his contemporaries.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

44. Opinions on Speculative Masonry, Odiorne; 1830; pp. 58-101 185, 202-203, Proceedings U.S. Anti-Masonic Convention; Philadelphia, 1830, pp. 43-53, 76, 97, 110f, 128-130, Anti-Masonic Review; 1828; vol. 1; pp. 26f, Elf, 85, 98; vol. 2; 1829; pp. 33-44, 306f; An Inquiry Into the Nature, etc., J. G. Sterns; 1826; pp. 97-98, 104, 106-114. ↩
45. Book of Mormon: Ether 8:15, 20; 9:5; 10:33, Alma 37:27, 29, Helaman 6:21, 25, 26, 30; Third Nephi 4:42, cf. Pearl of Great Price, 1891, pp. 14-16. ↩
46. National Observer, vol. 1, Jan. 16, 1829; p. 4; Anti-Masonic Review, 1828, vol. 1, pp. 296, 301, 325; vol. 2, 1829; p. 242, Proceedings U.S. Anti-Masonic Convention, Philadelphia, 1830; pp. 16, 41, 92, 107, 157; Catalogue Anti-Masonic Books, Henry Gassett; 1852, pp. 13, 18, 53. ↩
47. Book of Mormon: Alma 37:30, 31; 2nd Nephi 9:9; 26:22; Helaman 3:23, 3rd Nephi 5:6, 9, 7 6. Also see Helaman 2:8; 7.25, 28, 8.1, 3rd Nephi 4:29, 6 28, 7:9, Mormon 8:27, Ether 8 18, 19, 20, 22, 24; 9:1, 11:15; 13:18; 14:8, 10. ↩
48. Anti-Masonic Review, 1828; vol. 1; pp. 252, 303, 314; vol. 2, 1829, pp. 247, 249, National Observer, Jan. 16, 1829, p. 4; Proceedings Grand Lodge of Maine; 1830; p. 195; Proceedings Anti-Masonic Convention Philadelphia; 1830; p. 52. ↩
49. Book of Mormon: 2nd Nephi 10:15; Alma 37:21-37; Helaman 7:25, Mormon 8:40, Ether 11:22. ↩
50. Proceedings Anti-Masonic Convention, Philadelphia, 1830 pp. 14, 89, 153, 162, 165, Catalogue Anti-Masonic Books, H. Gassett; 1852; pp. 2-12; Opinions on Speculative Masonry, Odiorne, 1830 p. 204; Letters on the Masonic Institution, J. Q. Adams, 1847, pp. 99-100. ↩
51. Book of Mormon: 2nd Nephi 9:9, 10:15, Alma 37:29; Helaman 1:11; 2:3, 10; 6:17, 18, 21, 29; 9:6; 3rd Nephi 5:5, 6. ↩
52. Anti-Masonic Review; 1828; vol. 1; pp. 235, 237, 289, 290; History of the People of the U.S., McMasters; 1900- p. 114; The Anti-Masonic Party, McCarthy; Annual Report, American Historical Association, 1903, p. 371. ↩
53. Book of Mormon: Helaman 7:4, 5; 8:1, 4, 28; 3rd Nephi 6:26, 27, 28, 29, 30. ↩
54. Anti-Masonic Review, 1828, vol. 1; p. 296; vol. 2, 1829; pp. 32, 245 Proceedings Grand Lodge of Maine, vol. 1; pp. 195, 197, 198, 202. Opinions on Speculative Masonry, Odiorne; 1830; pp. 12-18, 155, 267; Proceedings Anti-Masonic Convention; Philadelphia, 1830, pp. 31, 39, 79-83, 95, 98, 99, Book of Mormon: Helaman 6:30; 3rd Nephi 3:9, Ether 8:14, 15, 25, 9:6; 10:33; 11:22; 3rd Nephi 1:27; 2:12; 5:6; 6:26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 7:6, 11. On the origin and antiquity of Masonry, see the Pearl of Great Price (1891), one of the four standard books of the Mormon church, for some significant passages. Note particularly the words, "Master Mahan", pp. 14-16. ↩
55. In connection with this, suggestive matter is to be found in such articles and books as Riley's, The Founder of Mormonism, Prince, article in American Journal of Psychology, vol. 28; 1917, and Campbell's, Delusions: An Analysis of the Book of Mormon. Also, and in particular, The Mormon Point of View, Nelson; 1904; pp. 113-124, 135-137. ↩
56. Delusions: An Analysis of the Book of Mormon, Alex. Campbell; 1832; a 16-page pamphlet. Note especially pp. 8, 9, 10. ↩
57. A Brief History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Anderson; 1893; pp. 24-25; Note; History of the Church, Period I, Joseph Smith, B. H. Roberts, 1902, vol. 1; p. 12; The Mormon Point of View, Nelson, 1904, pp. 143-146. ↩
58. Delusions: An Analysis of the Book of Mormon, Campbell; 1832; p. 13; The Mormon Point of View, Nelson; 1904; p. 183, Note. ↩
59. The Mormon Point of View, Nelson, 1904, p. 183. ↩
60. Journal of a Residence and Tour of the U.S. of North America, April, 1888, to October, 1884, E. S. Abdy, vol. 3, 1835; pp. 40-42; 54-59; vol. 1; pp. 320-325; Book of Mormon: Helaman 6:21-24; passage quoted by Abdy. ↩

BOOKS CONSULTED

American Journal of Psychology, 28; 373-489; 30; 66-72. An Inquiry Into the Nature and Tendency of Freemasonry, etc. J. G. Sterns. Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1902. The Anti-Masonic Movement, E. S. Gibbs. Proceedings Grand Lodge Massachusetts 1917. Anti-Masonic Review; 1; 2. Autobiography of Thurlow Weed; 1. The Book of Mormon. A Brief History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, E. H. Anderson. Broken Seal, The, S. D. Greene. Catalogue of Books on the Masonic Institution in Public Libraries Anti-Masonic, etc., Henry Gassett. Delusions: An Analysis of the Book of Mormon, A. Campbell. Early Records of the Grand Lodge of Vermont, 1794-1846. The Founder of Mormonism, I. W. Riley. Freemasonry in Michigan, Conover; 1. History of Freemasonry in N.Y., C. T. McClenahan, 2, 3. History of Freemasonry in the State of N.Y., O. Lang. History of the Church, Period I, Joseph Smith. B. H. Roberts, 1, 10-16. History of Utah, H. H. Bancroft. History of the People of the U.S., J. B. McMaster; 5; 109-120. History of Portland Lodge, No. 1, Drummond. Journal of a Residence and Tour of the U. S., etc., E. S. Abdy; 1; 3. The Latter Day Saints, Kauffman. Letters on the Masonic Institution, John Quincy Adams. Masonic Light on the Abduction of William Morgan, P. C. Huntington. Memoirs of the Life of Nathaniel Stacy. Mormon Group Life, E. E. Ericksen. The Mormon Point of View, N. L. Nelson. Myth of the Manuscript Found, G. Reynolds. The National Observer, Oct. 2, 1827; Jan. 16, 1829. New Witnesses for God, B. H. Roberts, 3. Niles Register, 32, 33; 35; 37; 38. Pearl of Great Price, Joseph Smith. Proceedings of the Anti-Masonic Convention; Philadelphia; 1830. Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Maine: 1830. Opinions on Speculative Masonry, etc., J. C. Odiorne.

* * *

DANIEL COXE AND THE "HENRY BELL LETTER"

By Bro. Melvin M. Johnson, P.G.M., Massachusetts

IN THE BUILDER for April last I said interalia, "The fact is that while Coxe was appointed June 5, 1730, as Provincial Grand Master of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania for two years, he was not on this side of the Atlantic at any time during those two years. During that entire period he remained in England," etc. In THE Builder last month Bro. David McGregor criticizes me for having made such a categorical statement based on statements made by others and on the lack of evidence to the contrary.

His criticism is just. That statement was inadvertent. In my book, The Beginnings of Freemasonry in America, published shortly after the April articles what I said on this subject was more carefully stated as follows:

"There has appeared no evidence that he (Coxe) exercised this deputation, or even that he was on this side of the ocean during the said two years," etc. That statement was correct. Up to the publication of Bro. McGregor's November article there had appeared no such evidence. Assuming the facts stated by Bro. McGregor to be correct (and I have no reason to doubt them), it now seems probable that Coxe did cross to this side of the ocean shortly after June 5, 1730, and was in New Jersey from the latter part of July, 1730, until sometime in November of that year. I have made a reference to this article in the second edition of my book which is now on the press.

This new discovery by Bro. McGregor is a valuable contribution. It, however, does not in the least change the conclusions stated in my April article and in my book.

The mere fact that Daniel Coxe was in New Jersey during these four months does not justify the conclusion that he did in fact exercise his deputation.

Benjamin Franklin in 1730 in his Pennsylvania Gazette published accounts of Masonic meetings, and in December of that year he published a long article on Freemasonry. In February, 1730, Franklin was made a Mason in Philadelphia. He immediately became very active. His intimacy with the affairs of the Fraternity is shown by his draft, in 1732, of a committee report containing what was almost a set of by-laws for the lodge. In 1734 he signed himself as Grand Master. His well-known characteristics and his position in the Fraternity forbid any doubt as to his intimate knowledge of the then affairs of Freemasonry in Pennsylvania.

FRANKLIN WROTE TO HENRY PRICE

On Nov. 28, 1734, he wrote two letters to Henry Price, one official and one personal. In the official letter which he signed as Grand Master, and wrote (as he himself says) at the request of the Fraternity in Pennsylvania, he said that Masonry in Pennsylvania in 1734 needed "the sanction of some authority derived from home." He further asserted that if Henry Price would grant them "a Deputation or Charter," the Grand Master of Pennsylvania would yield his chair whenever Henry Price, Grand Master of North America, should be present.

Franklin did not say that in Pennsylvania they needed more authority derived from home, but that they needed some authority, clearly indicating that then they had none. He did not ask for "recognition"; he prayed for "a Deputation or Charter." These words had then the same clearly defined meaning they have now. If the Masons of Pennsylvania had theretofore received authority from Coxe, they did not need anything from Henry Price in 1734. If Coxe had given them any authority during the term of his commission (June 24, 1730 – June 24, 1732), they certainly would have known it in 1734. They would not have sought nor received, nor acted under the appointment made Feb. 21, 1734-5, by "Henry Price, Grand Master of His Majesty's Dominions in North America" of Benjamin Franklin as Grand Master of Pennsylvania.

Benjamin Franklin, when he signed the letter of Nov. 28, 1734, as Grand Master and "at the request of the Lodge," knew what he was writing en cathedra. It is also submitted that the brethren who officially requested their Grand Master to send the petition to Price knew more about the facts of that day and generation than some partisan historians of the second century thereafter, who have struggled to convince the Masonic world that what Franklin, Price, and their associates said as to the facts of their own day and in which they were the actors was wrong.

Should other evidence and argument be disregarded, these letters are definite and final. They establish that Pennsylvania Masonry was wanting in authority, i. e., was not "duly constituted", until Feb. 1734/5.

Bro. McGregor having made a valuable discovery of a letter apparently genuine, showing a fact hitherto unknown, proceeds to jump to the conclusion that the "Henry Bell letter" really existed. It therefore becomes necessary briefly to review the story about that letter.

The claim that there ever was such a letter as the Henry Bell letter was long ago abandoned by Bro. Sachse, who certainly did not fail to press Pennsylvania's claims to their limit. (See note No. 1.)

The first story was that a "gentleman of a mysterious turn of mind" — name unknown — came into the office of the Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania "in the year 1873, when the Craft were preparing for the dedication of the new Masonic Temple" exact date unknown — and showed "one of the clerks" a letter. The unknown clerk copied a single paragraph of the "Henry Bell letter" presented by the unknown "mysterious gentleman." Immediately the "clerk," the "mysterious gentleman" and the "letter" vanished into thin air. Since that day they have all as completely disappeared as the fabled island of Atlantis. If any of them ever were in Philadelphia, they must have immediately departed to some "undiscovered country from whose bourne no traveller returns." Lives there the Mason so credulous as to believe that if such an important document had ever been in the office of the Grand Secretary of Pennsylvania in 1873, all trace of it and its possessor would instantly have disappeared!

MacCALLA'S ACCOUNT IS GIVEN

The next story (which was told by Bro. MacCalla) dated the incident back to 1872. He supplied as the name of the "mysterious gentleman," "a Mr. Bancker (since deceased)." What was his full name? Where did he live? Where and when did he die? Who took over his effects? How did he come by the "letter"? What became of the "letter"?

Bro. MacCalla supplied as the name of the clerk, "Brother Francis Blackburne." What is known about him? Has he ever made the statement over his own signature that he ever saw the "letter"? If there ever has lived a man who would or will say that Bro. Blackburne stated to him that he (Blackburne) had seen the letter, we have never been told so categorically. No man has ever yet said, so far as we can learn, that Bro. Blackburne himself ever made such a statement. Bro. Sachse, of course, with his long years of service in the Temple in Philadelphia, had a perfect opportunity to know all these details. Yet Sachse abandoned any claim to the genuineness of the incident.

No court in the world would accept as evidence (much less as proof) the story which any known person has ever told in writing about this incident — or either in a speech which has been reported.

In August, 1874, the Grand Master of Masons in Massachusetts, in The New England Freemason, asked for information about the "letter," but his questions remain unanswered to the present day.

And now, once more, we ask for information. What was the balance of the "letter"? In whose custody was the "letter"? Where had it been for one hundred and twenty years? And even more to the point, where is it now? The answer is obvious. Like the whiffenpoof, "there ain't no such animal never."

Notwithstanding repeated requests and demands during the last forty years, the document has never been produced for examination. No known living or dead man has ever stated that he has seen it. Unless and until it is produced or accounted for, no credit can be given to it or to any conclusions based upon it. For one seriously to predicate any argument upon it is so ridiculous that his readers can hardly be blamed for being inquisitive as to the soundness of his other historical deductions.

Bro. McGregor's discovery of the Coxe letter of 1730 and his publication of the facts about it ought to be appreciated. For myself, at least, I thank him. Let us hope that there will be many more discoveries which will be made public so that they may be subjected to the test of examination and verification. How much better this is than the attitude of a certain brother who has said, in effect, that he has discovered something which the author of The Beginnings of Freemasonry in America didn't know and which he wouldn't tell him. Real historians want demonstrable facts. No honest historian will conceal facts or distort them or attempt their manufacture. No one is entitled to be regarded as an authority who is not willing to throw any or all his conclusions into the discard whenever new discoveries show them to be wrong.

CONCERNING THE CARMICK MS.

Just one other word. In a statement by Bro. Haywood on page 243 of the November BUILDER, he dubs the Manuscript Constitutions, dated 1677 and owned by the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, as spurious. (See Note No. 2.) We fail to see his excuse for doing this. There never was a better authenticated ancient document. Bro. Haywood, or any other brother who is interested, may see it in the Temple at Boston whenever he wishes, and may subject it to the most critical examination. The fact, however, that the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts in Boston owns genuine Manuscript Constitutions dated 1677 is, to my mind, no evidence that there was any Freemasonry in Boston in 1677. Likewise the fact that the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia owns similar genuine Manuscript Constitutions dated 1727 is, to my mind, no evidence that there was any Freemasonry in Philadelphia in 1727.

If we are to accept Bro. Haywood's conclusion that if the 1727 manuscript "be accepted as genuine it proves that a lodge, or lodges, must have been active in Pennsylvania in 1727," then he ought to draw the conclusion that the 1677 manuscript "proves that a lodge, or lodges, must have been active in" Massachusetts in 1677. But it seems to me that either "contention is unworthy of serious discussion."

A lot of this controversy is wide of the mark. Much of it is barking up the wrong tree. Nobody, so far as I know, doubts that there were Freemasons in Pennsylvania in 1730. The same is true as to Massachusetts. There is positive proof of at least one Freemason in Boston as early as 1705, a man so prominent that he became Governor in 1730. Probably no Masonic student doubts that Freemasons met not only in Pennsylvania and in Massachusetts, but also in other of the Colonies as early as 1730, and perhaps earlier. It is likely that they met as "lodges." Before the organization of the Grand Lodge of England and its assumption of jurisdiction over its Colonies that had been the custom wherever Freemasons had met. It is doubtful if we ever shall know when and where the first of such meetings in America was held. All that Massachusetts claims is that within its borders was the first "duly constituted" Freemasonry in the Western Hemisphere, and that Henry Price was, as he said himself (and as Franklin admitted for himself and his associates) the "Founder of Duly Constituted Freemasonry in America."

Note No. 1. See Old Masonic Lodges of Pennsylvania; Vol. I, page 10. — M. M. J.

Note No. 2. When questioning Bro. Johnson's disposal of the Carmick MS. I offered no opinion as to the spuriousness or genuineness of that document or of the Massachusetts MS. dated 1677, such a discussion lay outside my province. My point was that the Carmick MS. deserved a different treatment at Bro. Johnson's hand. His manner of treating it will be found at the top of page 56 of his Beginnings of Freemasonry in America: "At one time it was attempted to claim for this year proof of Masonry in Philadelphia because of the finding in 1756 of a manuscript copy of the 'Old Charges' dated 1727. The contention is unworthy of serious discussion. The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts owns a similar manuscript dated 1677 but makes no claim by virtue thereof." This tells the reader of Beginnings nothing about the Carmick and does not tell him why it is useless. Thus far in my present Study Club articles I have ventured no opinion on the subject as to the priority of Massachusetts or Pennsylvania in the establishment of Masonry in America; I shall hope to do that later. The facts now known show that the first lodge in America to be deliberately and formally brought into existence according to the regulation adopted by the Grand Lodge of England in 1721 was the First Lodge in Boston, so constituted in 1733. — H. L. H.

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MEMORIALS TO GREAT MEN WHO WERE MASONS

Bro. Geo. W. Baird. P.G.M., District of Columbia

RUFUS PUTNAM

FEW Americans prominent in our history more justly earned for themselves the title of pioneer. Rufus Putnam was a pioneer in the State of Ohio, a pioneer in early Masonry, a pioneer in Ohio law, and a pioneer — one of the earliest — against slavery.

General Putnam was born in Sutton, Worcester County, Massachusetts, April 9, 1738, the same year, it happened, in which Pope Clement XII issued the first Roman Catholic Bull against Freemasonry. He died in Marietta, Ohio, May 1, 1824.

At the age of nineteen he enlisted in the war against France and saw four years of military service. In 1761 he gave up military life, married, and took up farming and surveying. In 1773, after having become proficient as a surveyor, he spent eight months in Florida with his cousin Israel, equally famous as a soldier and pioneer, and while there assisted in arranging for the migration of several hundred families from New England into the province now known as the State of Florida.

Upon the outbreak of the Revolutionary War he enlisted in the Continental Army with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel of Engineers. Very soon thereafter his skill in military engineering became so noticeable, especially in view of the fact of his having had no previous experience, that General Washington highly complimented him upon his work. Congress commissioned him an engineer with the rank of Colonel in 1776, and he held the post of Chief Engineer until 1778, at which time Kosciusko succeeded him. The military impregnability of West Point was very largely due to his plans.

It happened that while Colonel Putnam was in the army at West Point, the Masons, of whom General Washington was the most conspicuous, celebrated the festival of St. John the Baptist in an army lodge on the Hudson River. It is probable that this inspired Colonel Putnam to apply for membership. He was raised in American Union Lodge Sept. 6, 1779, at a meeting held two miles from West Point.

In 1783 Washington secured for him a commission as Brigadier General. After the Continental Army was disbanded at the close of the Revolution, General Putnam spent several years in helping to organize a company that later settled on the Muskingum River, where a settlement was made, now known as the town of Marietta. Putnam laid out the town and thus may be thought of as a father of the State of Ohio. From that time on he passed from one station of influence to another, with a career too full of incident to be described here. After the settlement of Marietta a charter of the old American Union Lodge was employed as authority for organizing a lodge there, and Putnam became its first Junior Warden. When the Grand Lodge of Ohio was organized in 1808 he was unanimously chosen Grand Master, although by that time he had become too aged for active service in the Masonic ranks. His beautiful letter of resignation is still very interesting to read:

The early pioneers of Masonry were an heroic band. Cass, Johnson, Carson, Lewis — with hundreds like them; to such Putnam belonged. To Masonry they gave the same devotion as to the flag. In Masonic research, there are more than worthy of our study.

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THE STUDY CLUB

Studies of Masonry in the United States

Bro. H. L. Haywood, Editor

PART IV. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S MASONIC CAREER

IF by the universal suffrages of public opinion George Washington and Abraham Lincoln are to be considered our two greatest Americans it is safe to believe that by the same general consent Benjamin Franklin would be ranked immediately after those two shining names. Unlike the fame of those who are illustrious only when judged according to the standards of their own times, Franklin's greatness is absolute. The empire of his influence extends across many countries and will outlast many generations; we of today live in a world unbelievably changed from his, but we can nevertheless sit at his feet to learn many things from so many-sided a genius.

It would be a temptation to dwell at length on the story of his life and to catalog once again the list of his hundreds of achievements were it not that his Masonic career is so rich in fact and incident as in itself to press against the limitations of space. That career extended from 1730/1 to 1790 and was so filled with activity that the most casual examination of it shows at once that Franklin, unlike some other famous Americans in the Craft — John Marshall, Mark Twain, et al. — was not satisfied with a merely nominal membership, but worked in the thick of things. He was a Mason as well as a member.

Some months before becoming a Mason, and when only twenty-four years of age, he published in his Pennsylvania Gazette, No. 108, Dec. 5 to 8, 1730, the first known printed item concerning Masonic lodges in America, quoted in the Study Club article last month. During preceding months of the same year he had published three items about English lodges. Perhaps he had become interested in Masonry while working as a printer in England during 1725 and 1726. If so, it may be, as Bro. Julius Sachse hints (in his Franklin as a Freemasons a work to which I am greatly indebted here), that from the Fraternity he caught the idea of founding a secret society of his own after returning to Philadelphia. He called this the "Leather Apron Club," a name possibly suggested by the Masonic apron, but later changed it, at the same time transforming its character, to "Junto," "a club for mental improvement."

"The exact date of Franklin's initiation is not known," writes Bro. Sachse, "but it was before the legal year of 1730 expired, evidently in February, 1730-31." This approximate date is based on Liber B. described last month, in folio 10 of which is an entry showing that on June 24, 1731, Franklin paid 2. 2s. 6d. as balance owing on his initiation fees and dues. The same record proves that at the time he was a member of St. John's Lodge, from which one may suppose that he was raised in that lodge. Within two or three months after this, presumably, he published in the Gazette "Some Information Concerning the Society Called Free Masons," an excerpt from Chambers' Universal Dictionary of All Arts and Sciences. Bro. Sachse believes that he must have been elected Junior Warden of the lodge on the date just given, June 24, 1731, and that since the term of elective officers ran but six months at that time he became Senior Warden six months afterwards, and Worshipful Master on June 5 of 1732. If such a surmise is correct, as there is every reason to believe that it is, the young Mason must have proved his ability as well as his zeal, because on June 24, 1732, Grand Master Allen (of whom more anon) appointed him Junior Grand Warden, and at about the same time he was made secretary of a committee "To consider of the present state of the lodge and of the proper method to improve it." The report, in Franklin's handwriting, is described by Bro. Sachse as "the oldest draft of By-Laws of an American Masonic Lodge", and he adds in a footnote, "These By-Laws antedate the first By-Laws of the First Lodge in Boston just sixteen months, they having been adopted October 24, 1733." I am not able to agree with our learned brother in this; the Committee's Report can only by a stretching of words be described as "By-Laws," for of the five paragraphs three arrange for the purchase of an outlay of "Books of Architecture, suitable Mathematical Instruments, etc."; paragraph numbered five adjures the brethren to make more careful use of the ballot; and paragraph numbered six states that a brother having a complaint to make should first take it up with the Wardens. (Paragraph four was erased.) Such a document cannot be described as a By-Law in the strict sense of that word.

ST. JOHN'S FUNCTIONED AS A GRAND LODGE

It is now a matter of almost certain knowledge that the St. John's Lodge of which Franklin was made Worshipful Master in 1732 functioned also as a Grand Lodge after the fashion of a few old English lodges, notably the one at York. Franklin was installed as Grand Master in June, 1734, as we may learn from his Gazette of June 27 of that year. As indicating Franklin's close attention to lodge affairs, Bro. Sachse notes that in five years he was absent from lodge only five times.

We may also guess that many other brethren in North America were becoming more and more interested in the Craft from the fact that in 1734 Franklin found a sufficient demand to warrant his publishing an edition of the Constitutions, of which the title page is here reproduced. This was the first Masonic book ever printed on this continent. It was a reprint of Anderson's Constitutions published in London in 1723; omits the music, substituting one song, contains a number of typographical slips, and measures six by eight and three-eighths inches. According to Bro. J. H. Tatsch (The Master Mason, 1924, page 344) the existing copies are in the possession of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts (bound up with the Beteilhe MS.), the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, the Grand Lodge of Iowa, the Supreme Council, A.&A.S.R., N.J., Washington, D.C., the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and the University of Pennsylvania. The book was advertised in May but was not ready for distribution until August, in which month seventy copies were sent to Boston, a fact indicating that Masons there were also active.

In this connection may be noted two of Franklin's letters, both of which have served as the basis of volumes of discussion. In April 1733, as will be explained in a later chapter, Henry Price of Boston received from Lord Viscount Montague, Grand Master of Masons of England, a deputation appointing him "Provincial Grand Master of New England and Dominion and Territories "hereunto belonging." In August of 1734 the Earl of Crawford, then English Grand Master, extended Price's authority to cover the whole of North America. On the 28th of the November following we find Franklin addressing a letter to the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, the body of which is here quoted:

HE SENT A LETTER TO HENRY PRICE

On that date Franklin sent a letter to Price himself here given in its entirety:

[The address upon the letters:]

"To Mr. Henry Price
At the Brazen Head
Boston, N.E."

Unfortunately the originals of these important documents were destroyed at the burning of the Masonic Temple in Boston, in 1863, but there can be no doubt of their authenticity as here given. As to their significance there have been endless opinions. Do these two letters mean that Franklin was formally acknowledging Price's authority over Pennsylvania? Do they mean that in the minds of Franklin and his lodge associates there was doubt as to the regularity and legitimacy of the Philadelphia lodge (or lodges)? Do they also indicate that Coxe had not exercised his authority in Pennsylvania?

On page 42 of his Franklin as a Freemason Bro. Sachse presents the Pennsylvania point of view in a brief paragraph:

"Franklin's information appears not to have been correct, for on examination of Price's deputation, granted by Lord Montague on April 30th, 1733, it appears that his authority was limited to New England, and there is no evidence that he ever attempted any control over the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, which continued to elect Grand Officers annually, as prescribed in the Coxe deputation, until the appointment of Franklin as Provincial Grand Master in 1749 by Thomas Oxnard, of Massachusetts, which was of a short duration."

On page 3, of Vol. I, Freemasonry in Pennsylvania, 1727-1907, written by Sachse in association with Norris S. Barratt, is another passage expressing the same opinion in other words:

"There should be no question as to the regular constitution of our early Pennsylvania Lodges. The appointment of Col. Daniel Coxe as Provincial Grand Master on the fifth day of June, 1730, presents undeniable evidence that there were lawful Brethren residing in Pennsylvania who were recognized as regular Freemasons. The Deputation granted Col. Coxe gave almost unlimited powers to elect officers and continue the Grand Lodge, without any further correspondence with the Grand Masters and Grand Lodge of England. In fact the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania in 1731 was in all respects practically an independent Grand Lodge, the third oldest Grand Lodge of the world. With the exception of the Grand Lodge of England, established in the year 1717, followed A. D. 1726 by that of the Grand Lodge of Munster, which merged into the Grand Lodge of Ireland, 1729-30, the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania had no superior in seniority or rival in rank."

JOHNSON REGISTERS A DECIDED NEGATIVE

Bro. Melvin Johnson gives expression to the counter view in his characteristically pungent manner on pages 126-7 of his Beginnings of Freemasonry in America:

After Franklin's term as Grand Master expired he served several years as Secretary of his lodge, and at the same time continued to publish Masonic items in his Gazette. One of these, dated June 9 to 16, 1737, furnishes an account of how a number of local young blades carried off a mock Masonic initiation with such severity as to burn their dupe to death. This unhappy occurrence stirred up excitement in Philadelphia and led to a certain amount of condemnation of the Masonic lodge, thereby serving as the first known Anti-Masonic effort in this land, as will be noted more fully in a later chapter to be devoted to the melancholy theme of Anti-Masonry. Officers of the lodge published a condemnation of the practical jokers and at the same time declared the innocence of the Masonic brethren. A rival of Franklin's Gazette, Bradford's American Weekly Mercury, took up the affair and published several columns of controversial matter, mostly aimed against the Masons.

The report of these exciting happenings reached Franklin's mother, who knew little or nothing about Freemasonry, and caused her uneasiness lest her son had become involved in a disgraceful organization. After giving much thought as to how best to compose her fears Franklin sent a letter to his father, dated from Philadelphia, April 13, 1738, in which, while discussing a number of other topics, he wrote of Freemasonry in this wise:

"As to the freemasons, I know no way of giving my mother a better account of them than she seems to have at present, since it is not allowed that women should be admitted into that secret society. She has, I must confess, on that account some reason to be displeased with it; but for anything else I must entreat her to suspend her judgment until she is better informed, unless she will believe me when I assure her that they are in general a very harmless sort of people, and have no principles or practices that are inconsistent with religion and good manners."

In his letter to the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, quoted above, written under date of Nov. 28, Franklin suggested that Price, as Grand Master having authority "over all America," appoint a Deputy Grand Master for Pennsylvania. Bro. Melvin Johnson succeeded in locating a news item in the American Weekly Mercury, published at Philadelphia, under date of March 20 to 27, 1735, under a Boston heading of Feb. 24, to the effect that "on Friday last" Mr. Henry Price, "Grand Master of His Majesty's Dominions in North America, Nominated and Appointed his Grand Officers for the Year ensuing," among which was "Mr. Benjamin Franklin, Provincial Grand Master for the Province of Pennsylvania." This discovery has greatly strengthened the position of those brethren who argue that the Pennsylvania Masons acknowledged and accepted Price's authority over their own lodges.

FRANKLIN IS AGAIN APPOINTED

Franklin was again similarly honored in 1749, at which time Thomas Oxnard was Provincial Grand Master for all North America, he having received a deputation to that effect at the hands of John Ward, Grand Master of England, Sept. 23, 1743. On July 10, 1749, Oxnard appointed Franklin "Provincial Grand Master of Pennsylvania." Franklin convened a Grand Lodge under this warrant on Sept. 5, following, and this Grand Lodge warranted a new lodge to meet in Philadelphia; Franklin's natural son, William, was made a Mason in this lodge.

It was in this same year that Franklin set afoot the organization of a college that became in time the University of Pennsylvania; among the trustees of this new institution meeting in November of 1749 were seven Past Grand Masters of the Provincial Grand Lodge. Christopher Saner, of Germantown, had some years before "accused" the Masons of fostering public schools. "The people who are promoters of the free schools," he had written, "are Grand Masters and wardens among the Freemasons, their very pillars." The fact mentioned just above would indicate that Saner had not guessed wildly.

By this time there were at least three lodges functioning in Philadelphia. One of these, that meeting at the Tun Tavern, petitioned "Mr. Benjamin Franklin" for a "deputation under his sanction." The Philadelphia brethren evidently desired to be "regular" in every sense of that word.

Franklin's term of office under the Oxnard deputation was not of long duration, for at the meeting of Grand Lodge, March 13, 1750, William Allen exhibited a commission as Provincial Grand Master received direct from the Grand Master of England. Allen appointed Franklin as his Deputy. It is apparent that he remained in that office for some years because on June 24, 1756, when the new "Lodge," the first Masonic building to be erected in the United States, was dedicated, "The Deputy Grand Master Benjamin Franklin, Esq." appeared in the procession immediately behind Grand Master Allen. The sermon preached on this occasion by the Grand Chaplain, Rev. William Smith, was afterwards, on resolution proffered by the Grand Master, printed in book form from Franklin's press.

Franklin went abroad in 1757, returning in 1762; he retained his office during that time, or else resumed it after returning. He went abroad again, on missions of highest importance to the Colonies, in November, 1764. The Minutes of the Grand Lodge of England show him as a visitor to Grand Lodge Nov. 17, 1760, but there is no other known record Of any Masonic activity while among the members of the parent Grand Body during his various sojourns in England. On going to Paris, November, 1776, he almost immediately became active in lodge affairs, for he was made a member of the famous Loge des IX Soeurs ("Lodge of the Nine Sisters," referring to the Muses), probably in 1777. From Kloss' History of Freemasonry in France we learn that he assisted at the initiation of Voltaire; and that on Nov. 28, 1778, he served as a Warden in a Lodge of Sorrow held by the Lodge of the Nine Sisters after Voltaire's death. Franklin filled the office of "Venerable" (roughly corresponding to our Worshipful Master) in the Lodge during 1782; was made a member of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem; in 1785 was elected an honorary member of the Lodge of Good Friends at Rouen; and was made the recipient at various times of Masonic medals struck in his honor.

Upon returning to Philadelphia in 1785 he found that the old Grand Lodge in which he had been so active had passed out of existence; and that the new Grand Lodge erected to take its place was severing all connections with the Mother Grand Lodges abroad to the end of setting itself up as a sovereign body in Pennsylvania. Bro. Sachse believes that during the last years of his life Franklin remained an unaffiliate. He died in his eighty-fifth year, April 17, 1790. The ceremonies at the tomb were under the direction of the Grand Master of Pennsylvania.

HE WAS SILENT ABOUT MASONRY

For some private reason Franklin almost never mentioned Freemasonry in his correspondence or his published writings. His Autobiography, the earliest American classic, has no reference at all to his many lodge interests. His oft-quoted paragraphs on the Masonic signs and tokens show what a book of his would have been like had he ever written on Masonry:

NOTES AND REFERENCES

For references on the general events coincident with Franklin's early Masonic career see bibliography appended to Study Club article last month, page 314.

The volumes above referred to contain sketches of Franklin's Masonic career. For more detailed accounts see Benjamin Franklin as a Freemason, Sachse; Philadelphia. Freemasonry in Pennsylvania, 1727-1907, Barratt and Sachse; Philadelphia, 1908 Vol. I, page 3. Beginnings of Freemasonry in America, Melvin M. Johnson; New York, 1924; see index. Grand Lodge Proceedings Massachusetts, 1871, page 356 If. Grand Lodge Proceedings Massachusetts, 1914, page 257. Memorial History of Boston, Justin Winsor, Boston, 1882; Vol. II, page 269. History of Freemasonry, Gould, American Edition, Vol. IV, pages 236, 361. The Freemason's Monthly Magazine, Chas. W. Moore; Boston; Vol. XV, pages 21, 373; Vol. XVII, page 7. American Quarterly Review of Freemasonry, A. G. Mackey; New York 1858, page 212.

The Builder, 1915, pages 174, 232, 233; 1916, pages 60, 84, 93, 95, 181, 196, 229, 253, 294, 320, 325, 1917, page 164; 1918, pages 153, 170; 1919, page 39; 1921, page 264; 1922, page 351; 1923, page 174.

Among the almost innumerable biographies or biographical studies of Franklin may be mentioned his own Autobiography. Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin, James Parton, two volumes, New York, 1864. Benjamin Franklin, John T. Morse, Jr., Boston, 1889. The Many Sided Franklin, Paul L. Ford; New York 1899. The True Benjamin Franklin, S. G. Fisher; Philadelphia, 1899. Franklin in France, E. E. Hale and E. E. Hale, Jr., two volumes; Boston, 1888.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

What is your estimate of Franklin's place in American History? Why may Franklin's greatness be described "as absolute?" How long did his Masonic activities last'?

What was the first known printed item concerning American lodges? What was the "Leather Apron Club?" "the Junto?"

When and where was Franklin initiated? What is Liber B? What offices did he hold in the Masonic lodge and when was he appointed Junior Grand Warden? What is meant by by-laws of a lodge?

Of what Grand Lodge was Franklin Grand Master? When? How active was Franklin in his lodge?

What is meant by the Constitutions? What was the first Masonic book printed in the United States? When? Where are copies known to exist? Describe it.

What is the significance of Franklin's letters to the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts and to Henry Price? Do these two letters indicate to you that Pennsylvania was then under the jurisdiction of Price? Give the gist of Johnson's argument.

Describe the first known anti-Masonic excitement. What would Franklin's letter to his mother indicate as to his own feelings about Freemasonry? Describe and explain Johnson's discovery concerning Price's appointment of Franklin as Provincial Grand Master. When was Franklin again made Provincial Grand Master? By whom?

What part did early Pennsylvania Masons take in public education? Under what circumstances did Franklin become a Deputy Grand Master?

What is meant by "Lodge of the Nine Sisters?" Who was Voltaire? Was Voltaire an atheist? Where was he made a Mason? What part did Franklin take in it? Why, do you suppose, did Franklin not mention Freemasonry in his public writings? Give a summary of his tribute to Freemasonry.

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UNITY AND LOVE

"Let these words be our motto,
Breath of our social sphere
Let each one give his quota
Of kindness, love and cheer
Real brothers we shall be,
Decreed by Heaven above
Our law shall be our high degree
Of Unity and Love!"

* * *

FREEMASONRY IN AUSTRIA

Bro. Dr. Wladimir Misar, Grand Secretary, Vienna

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Having noted the absence of any mention of the Grand Lodge of Vienna (Grössloge Von Wien) in Ye Editor's Study Club article on "Various Grand Lodges" in THE BUILDER of last June, Bro. Dr. Misar was kind enough to prepare an authentic account of that Grand Body to fill that regretted omission, and with it sent greetings to his brethren in America.

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FREEMASONRY in Austria dates back to the first half of the eighteenth century. The first lodge, Zu den drei Kanonen, was founded in Vienna, 1742. It was forbidden under the Government of the Empress Maria Theresa, but later was permitted by the Emperor Joseph II, in whose time many famous men — Sonnenfels, Mozart, Haydn — were members of Vienna lodges, which in those times mostly worked under the obedience of the Grösse Landesloge of Berlin.

The Grösse Landesloge van Osterreich, founded 1784, was dissolved under the government of Francis I and since then Freemasonry in Austria has been permitted only for short periods till the year 1918.

Meanwhile in the year 1871 another Austrian lodge had been constituted by great efforts of Hungarian Masons living in Austria. This, the oldest of our existing lodges, called Humanitas, was founded in a place on the territory of Hungary, but near the Austro-Hungarian frontier.

The lodge Humanitas and a number of other lodges, partly emanating from it, partly founded by Austrians in the territory of Hungary, all working according to the constitution of the Grand Lodge of Hamburg, were taken under the protection of the Symbolic Grand Lodge of Hungary.

Before the Great War there existed fourteen such lodges, all of them not being admitted in Austria and therefore being obliged to perform their works of initiations, etc., in Hungary, in such places as Neudorfel, Pressburg, etc., situated near the frontier. In order to secure the possibility of the Austrian Freemasons meeting on the Austrian territory for purposes of administration, instruction, or social intercourse, each of the Austrian lodges formed a parallel society of profane name and character, publicly maintaining a social, cultural, educational or charitable purpose. Most of the lodges also maintained special benevolent institutions. The oldest lodge, Humanitas, is known to have founded the first Austrian orphanage, Erstes Österreichisshes Kinderasyl Humanitas.

The break-up of the old Austrian Empire suggested the possibility of creating an Austrian Grand Lodge, which idea met with complaisant understanding at the Symbolic Grand Lodge of Hungary. On Dec. 8, 1918, the fourteen Vienna lodges assembled to found the "Grand Lodge of Vienna," the charter of which was issued by the Symbolic Grand Lodge of Hungary, Jan. 25, 1919.

A period of new cultural and intellectual ascent for Austrian Freemasonry then began. Opened for new parts of the society remaining aloof from Masonry as long as it was forbidden, the Vienna lodges by and by acquired members prominent both in social and in intellectual rank.

Politicians, men of science, and famous artists adorn the Craft. The meetings reveal a most interesting selection of instructive lectures and the solemn initiations, embellished by the famous art of Vienna musicians, are festivals of ever memorable impression.

Built up since its beginnings on the basis of impartial humanity, without any prejudices of theological or national character, Austrian Freemasonry has always seen its first and highest aim in moderating and reconciliating all opposites of any kind among human individuals, parties and nations.

In consequence of these convictions the Grand Lodge of Vienna in the year 1922 solemnly declared "The promotion of inward and outward peace" to be its chief program.

At the present time there are working under the obedience of the Grand Lodge of Vienna sixteen lodges with nearly 1500 members.

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IN WHAT BROTHERLY LOVE CONSISTS

"Brotherly love is not found in beautiful words; it is not in public works; it is not ostentation; it is not done for glory, for these can never be recorded as the real service of Masonry. It is in the kind word, quietly spoken, in the little act of kindness when the soul craves for aid and comfort; it is in the little touch of love given when the heart is breaking; it is when your life, like the rose whose beauty gives forth sweet perfume for you and me, touches the other life in sweet accord and perfect tune, that it is recorded in everlasting history. Such service is brotherly love, and the Divine in man and the all-seeing eye of the Great Architect of the Universe will forever watch over it, and never, never let it die."

* * *

EDITORIAL

"PROBLEM OF THE SIDE ORDER"

UNDER a headline dated from Utica, N. Y., Oct. 6, 1924, the Associated Press sent out a news story to the effect that with a view to fostering "a spirit of toleration in economics, politics and religion," fifty Protestants, nearly all of them Masons, and a like number of Roman Catholics, most of them Knights of Columbus, "met tonight for the formal organization of the Hamilton-Jefferson Association," announced as a "non-secret, non-sectarian and non-partisan" undertaking.

"Organization of the association," we continue to read, "was brought about when Attorney Arthur J. Foley, member of the Knights of Columbus, discussed its formation with Wm. Ross Lee, former District Attorney of Oneida County and a Mason. The plan was broached to Andrew F. Kelly, director of the Utica branch of the National Catholic Welfare Council, who, after approving it, suggested presenting it to Root." Elihu Root was named as the most prominent person allying himself with this new association.

It would be obviously impossible for such an association, if it ever becomes a reality, to become a Side Order, and nothing is said to that effect, but even so this episode furnishes a perfect laboratory specimen whereby to make a dissection of that subject. There is a distinction between a "Side Degree" and a "Side Order," for where the former originates within a regular Masonic body, and remains under the official control of that body (the Past Master's Degree, as worked in many jurisdictions is an example), a "Side Order" originates outside any regular Masonic body among private individuals who happen to be Masons, and who make use of Masonry as a means to an end. What has come to be called "the Problem of the Side Order" arises not from the fact that it is an addition to the recognized degrees — the Order of High Priesthood, never brought into question, may be described as such an addition — but from the fact that private Masons make use of the name of Masonry unofficially or extraofficially. An organization appends itself to Masonry but at the same time lies outside control by Masonry; therein lies the crux of the whole matter.

That crux may be thrown into the form of a series of questions. Have individual Masons a right to claim a connection with Masonry for extra-Masonic purposes? Has any Masonic Grand Body a right to confer such a privilege on private Masons? If such a privilege is extended to one group for one purpose why not to some other for another purpose? Can any group of Masons, as Masons, take action concerning questions forbidden to lodges, chapters, commanderies and consistories? What if such a group misuses the name or influence of the Craft; how is it to be controlled by regular Masonic bodies?

The wisest leaders of the Craft are endeavoring to answer these perplexing questions, each of which bristles with a hundred difficulties. It will be interesting to exhibit in this connection a catena of their answers and remarks, selected at random from Grand Lodge Proceedings of the past year or two. These quotations are not chosen with a view to making out a case — it is not the purpose here to make out a case — but are lifted from our reference files regardless of their being pro or con:

Colorado. Grand Lodge Proceedings: 1921

At our last annual communication we were obliged to repudiate one of those fraternal parasites which sought to fasten itself upon the body of Freemasonry, appropriate its degrees and march beneath its banners. Others are appearing and causing much concern in this, as well as other Grand Jurisdictions. The same principles apply to all, and if we could turn back the pages of history and write it anew, we might discountenance all. This, of course, at the present time, is impracticable. We have a condition to meet, due largely to our easy tolerance, and not a theory to vindicate. But we should take no additional step down the road we have mistakenly traveled in the past.

Delaware. Grand Lodge Proceedings: 1921

It is our sincere judgment that Masonry is suffering in these modern days from two serious diseases. The first of these is the anxiety on the part of the majority of the members of the Craft to know the mysteries of the so-called "Higher Degrees." There are no higher degrees. There can be nothing higher than the three degrees of Blue Lodge Masonry and nothing holier than to attain to that moral eminence which is involved in the term Master Mason. A Master Mason has the mastery over himself. His passions have been subdued, his ambitions have been brought into harmony with truth and justice' his powers are directed into the channels of duty to God and his fellow men, selfishness has been conquered. He is a man, a master, the noblest work of God.

It is a serious mistake for our members to come into our lodges and immediately upon receiving the Master Mason Degree. rush a petition into the chapter, or the consistory, and on into the Mystic Shrine before they become acquainted with the basic principles of Masonry, all of which are to be found in the Blue Lodge.

Florida. Grand Lodge Proceedings: 1923

It is with regret that we notice the very large number of fraternal organizations which have been organized within a few years, all of which require membership in the Masonic Order as a prerequisite for membership, or which require on behalf of the women members, relationship to some member of the Masonic Order.

Georgia. Grand Lodge Proceedings: 1922

It seems almost unnecessary for me to mention here my personal opinion and official action in regard to Masonic parasites. The two and a half million men who constitute the Masonic membership of the United States are a tempting bait for many and sundry organizations of various kinds. They attempt to attach themselves to Masonry for monetary gain, and to aid them in rapidly filling their ranks Symbolic Masonry is the foundation and the life germ. It seems to be the opinion of many that if the least bit of this simon-pure Masonic protoplasm can be injected into the veins of their organization Masons will be induced thereby to join, and will follow their lead. It is useless to enumerate the different organizations; many of them are no doubt good and honorable, many beautiful, and teaching in their ritual morality in forceful drama and symbols. Many are possibly not so worthy. Perhaps one who does not know has no right to speak, but I only wish to utter a word of caution and urge your most serious consideration of all organizations that use the word "Mason" or "Masonry" to further their interests, making membership in Masonry a prerequisite to their membership, and to most seriously ask your attention to whether or not we should legislate against such practice.

A clipping the Fulton County Daily Report was sent me, in which appeared an application for charter to be granted "The Great American Fraternity." In this charter they propose "Uniting into one great fraternity those members in good standing who desire to affiliate and amalgamate with the following societies or fraternities, to-wit: Junior Order of the United Mechanics, Free and Accepted Masons, Guardians of Liberty, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and Daughters of America ... except in the case of male members the feminine members of his family between the ages of sixteen and sixty... 'The Great American Fraternity' is to provide a ritual.... It being the intention of petitioners to carry on a fraternal and benefit society ... provide a medium whereby a practical expedient may be found by putting into execution the precepts recognized and taught by all the aforesaid fraternities or societies," etc.

Masonry never having "affiliated" or "amalgamated" with any other society or organization, I felt aggrieved that we should be so associated, and immediately entered my protest to the attorney of the proposed "The Great American Fraternity," courteously requesting him to exclude the Free and Accepted Masons from his application. He refused to do so. I sought legal advice, but to no avail. I entered in person and by attorney my protest as Grand Master, but it seems that we have no remedy. I felt it my duty to do what I could to prevent our Fraternity from being a part and parcel of such an organization.

At the time this is written no license to do business in Georgia has been issued; I am told that they have not met the requirements of our state laws.

Kansas. Grand Lodge Proceedings: 1923

In the first place, Symbolic Masonry never has admitted of there being any fraternity other than that of Ancient Craft Masonry, and any attempt on the part of the Grand Lodge to introduce into its deliberations subjects dealing with outside organizations is an admission that there is Freemasonry outside of the first three degrees, known as Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason. The right of any Grand Lodge to provide a penalty for one of its Members who joins an outside organization might be questioned, as we do not believe it is within the power of any Grand Lodge to make it an offense for a brother to join some other organization so long as in so doing he does not become a member of a society which is inimical to the good name and reputation of Symbolic Masonry.

Oregon. Grand Lodge Proceedings: 1922

The very romantic history of the medical fraternity advised us years ago that we had an organ in our interior called the appendix. We were told that it was a perfectly useless organ but, so long as it behaved, it was also a perfectly harmless one but when it began to misbehave, it could only be cured by absolute removal through the surgeon's knife. In recent years this country has been afflicted with an increasing number of so-called secret fraternal or appendant organizations which make membership in a Masonic lodge a requisite for membership therein.

Born without cause reared in selfish interest, the effect is well known — trouble and disorder. Claiming to be a "little brother" to the Masonic Fraternity, it leaves to that organization its troubles, while the organizer goes on to pastures still more green The time is present when this Grand Lodge should stop this imposition and use the surgeon's knife of removal. Masonry is complete within itself. It needs no side organizations to develop its principles or support its growth among its membership. This Grand Lodge should demand a thorough investigation of all such organizations, and only until such organizations are recommended by the Grand Master and approved by the Grand Lodge should membership therein be permitted. I trust that the time is close at hand when it shall be declared a Masonic offense for any Master Mason to petition for additional work in Masonry until three years have elapsed after his raising.

California. Grand Lodge Proceedings: 1923

In this respect, however, I suggest that action be taken by Grand Lodge, through our Jurisprudence Committee, to exercise a general supervision over any new bodies claiming to be co-ordinate Masonic bodies and which make as a prerequisite for membership, good standing in the Blue Lodge, with the idea of preventing the formation of other organizations claiming to represent Masonry.

Minnesota. Grand Lodge Proceedings: 1923

Gradually during the last years, organizations have sprung up in other states that require as a prerequisite to membership, membership in good standing in the Blue Lodge. Think of the audacity, brethren, of using us as a foundation to build up organizations over which we have no control, and whose shortcomings will be laid to all those bearing the name of Mason. I recommend the passage of a resolution which will make it a Masonic offense, punishable by expulsion, for anyone to join any order that requires membership in the Blue Lodge in good standing as a prerequisite to its own membership, if that order has not been recognized by this Grand Lodge.

Many of these orders have splendid teachings, but they contain nothing that Masonry does not teach. It is time that we are getting back to our own philosophy again. In our mad rush for badges, plumes and honors, we have gotten away from the teachings of our forefathers in this great work. In one of the foreign jurisdictions where one of these organizations was encouraged, it became so active that it sought to elect the officers of the Grand Lodge of that jurisdiction and so control Masonry for its own ends. These organizations are not only useless, but they are a decided drain on all things undertaken by the Blue Lodge. They are a detriment, and I hope that you will pass some sort of legislation with teeth in it, that we may have this settled before they start in this state in any numbers.

Washington. Grand Lodge Proceedings: 1923

Many complaints have been made by zealous brethren during the year, from an entirely different viewpoint. Some to the effect that Masonry was being exploited for the purpose of furthering interests not entirely Masonic or in keeping with our time-honored principles. Others. that it was high time for Masonry to assert itself in an institutional way on some of the perplexing topics of the day, in order to emphasize its right for existence.

In answer to the former, I am of the opinion that it is high time that this Grand Lodge make it known, with no uncertain sound, to the entire Craft in this Grand Jurisdiction, that it is a guardian of the Ancient Landmarks, the glorious history, the honor, the dignity and the prestige of this Institution, and that it will not permit its members to trail it in the dust by doing things as Masons which they would not dare to do in a Masonic lodge, by using Masonry to promote that which is contrary to Masonic principles and Masonic ideals. By lending their support to methods of raising money that are not in keeping with our profession, and when informed that such methods are unlawful, some claim the right to pursue these methods because other societies have been permitted to do so. Since when, my brethren, did this Institution fall so low that it gives as its excuse to civil authority for doing things contrary to law: "You have permitted others, and why not us?" Masonry does not deprive any one of its members of his individual liberty as a citizen, in Freedom of thought, word and action. But he must be particularly careful. He must not use Masonry in the promotion of anything that is not strictly Masonic. Nor should a building, dedicated to Masonry, virtue and benevolence, be used for anything that is not in keeping with these ideals. It must not be overlooked that this Grand Lodge still retains the power and authority to enforce obedience among its members to a strict observance of its landmarks.

Ohio. Grand Lodge Proceedings: 1922

During the year my attention has been repeatedly called to the activities of the various organizations which predicate their membership on Masonry. An investigation of these activities discloses conditions which constitute a menace to Masonry more serious and destructive than anything that has ever heretofore concerned it. Masonry in the past has been assailed from without and has withstood its every assault. Now, however, it is being attacked from within by most insidious and pernicious artifices.

Pennsylvania. Grand Lodge Proceedings: 1923

He [Grand Master Harry S. Johnson] was of the opinion that Craft Masonry in Ohio needed protection (!) from other organizations based on Masonry, and his method of defense was to make it impossible for a Master Mason to join any such body until one year has elapsed from the time of receiving his Master Mason's Degree, and also after a satisfactory examination therein. This subject has engaged the attention of a number of Grand Lodges and some of them have adopted measures along the lines suggested. Query: Pushed to its legitimate conclusion does the policy tend ultimately to the control of Masons as to what other organizations they may affiliate with? We believe we can see that possible eventuality, and that it may lead to serious dissensions among the Craft.

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THE LIBRARY

A GREAT SYMBOLIST WRITES OF SYMBOLISM

THE SYMBOLIST MOVEMENT IN LITERATURE, by Arthur Symons. Published by E. P. Dutton, New York. May be purchased through the National Masonic Research Society. Cloth, 193 pages, postpaid, $3.60.

ONE of the very few masters among those recent men of letters who work in poetry, essays, and literary criticism, Arthur Symons belongs to a group that began (in England, at least) with Pater, and became a power with Maeterlinck, Yeats, Flaubert, d'Annuzio, the Goncourts, Huysmans and others, along with Anatole France, who has died recently. The root of his genius is an almost tragical sincerity of effort to get at life itself, to know and to comprehend it, not by means of literary conventions, but through immediate vision and unfearing insight, which is in essence almost at one with the secret of the most creative of the geniuses in religion. The mark of those geniuses, of whom the great mystics are most completely representative, is a daring desire to come into close touch with Reality itself, all shams discarded; Symons is not in any sense a religious genius but he possesses in unusual measure their arduous sincerity; and the human fear that paralyzes most men from making any such effort is as lacking in him as in them. Out of such a soul, and with the experiences born of such an effort, he has in labor and countless sacrifices created a literary style in which sentences are living forces that startle and waylay, like unexpected miracles; in which the words, created anew from within, are sonorous and orchestral, and remain vibrating in the memory long afterwards, like golden bells. The effect on a reader is disconcerting at first, because most readers approach a book instinctively expecting to find its author expressing himself in forms of the familiar traditions. These traditions are not in Symons himself and therefore not in his books, not in his Dramatis Personae, Studies in Prose and Verse, Studies in Seven Arts, The Symbolist Movement in Literature; and it is because these traditions with their conventions, their set judgments, their worn vocabularies are not in him that he is listed with the decadents.

When a literary man finds that a great tradition has broken up, after he and his forbears had found shelter within it for centuries, he has no alternative except to retreat upon his private self. He becomes, in a sense not doctrinaire, an individualist; and since in the terminology of literary criticism such a period is termed a decadence, such an individual is a decadent. The misuse of this word to describe a man morally corrupt should be abandoned; it should not be permitted even to enter the mind when one is thinking of such a man as Arthur Symons, or of that austere artist, Symon's spiritual father, Walter Pater. If here and there some decadent, a Verlaine, perhaps, or an Ernest Downson — who sought the path followed to its suicidal end by Richard Middleton, Thos. Lovell Beddoes, John Davidson and Chatterton, "the marvelous boy who perished in his pride" — who wrote his pathos and heartbreak into that poem of darkly melodious lines, Non sum qualis eram bonae sub regno Cynarae, if such a one collapses into a bankruptcy of the moral life it is not because he is a decadent but because he is human.

The Symbolist Movement in Literature is an appraisal of the work of a group of decadents who discovered the value of symbolism in the art of literature, and who as they perfected their books perfected their understanding of those experiences and needs of the mind that symbolism, and symbolism alone, can satisfy. We Masons ourselves, who think and talk so much about symbols, have never won an understanding as clear and rich as theirs. They learned that symbolism is not an invented ingenious device for mystification, least of all a thing for the purpose of concealing truth — at any rate not in this age when learning does not need to hide itself underground. It dawned on them that every human mind must think thoughts in advance of facts; that many of the most necessary ideas transcend knowledge; and that every mind must find a way to deal with experiences that lie outside the fields of present science. It is necessary for us to think, for example, in some fashion, the idea of the universe, of immortality, of God; but such ideas are larger than our knowledge, therefore they are symbols; as such they do not fly away from facts, or contradict truths, or move in a mere realm of fancy. When properly understood such symbols are as reliable a method of thinking and as 'dependable a means for expressing truths as logic or philosophy, or science itself. Symbols are not playthings of the soul, but necessities. If any human being will carefully examine his own inner experiences he will find that he is using symbolism every day, in every moment of his existence, even in his dreams.

Freemasonry has understood this importance of symbolism for these many centuries. But alas! for all our books we do not yet possess — save in very few instances — any literature of symbolism at all, literature I mean, in the only true sense of the word, and not merely pages of print. The same thing is true, for that matter, of any of the other of our major subjects, for the majority of our books are pedantic and dull, oftentimes mere catalogues of unliving facts, remaining over, many of them, as forlorn survivals from an age that has passed. Ashes of print! that is a not unfair characterization of scores of our manuals of labored information, bereft of any power they may once have possessed of opening up new and profounder revelations of Masonry or of moving the souls of men. Until we repent of this great sin of omission in such a manner as to make it possible for the masters of literature to come with us and to work in our name we have no choice but either to leave all our symbolism lying half understood in the depths of our consciousness, or else to go abroad, outside our own circles, into literature at large, to learn our lessons from men who have never passed the portals of our initiations.

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LORD BACON, ROSICRUCIANISM AND FREEMASONRY

FRANCIS BACON AND HIS SECRET SOCIETY: AN ATTEMPT TO COLLECT AND UNITE THE LOST LINKS OF A LONG AND STRONG CHAIN, by Mrs. Henry Pott. May be purchased through the National Masonic Research Society. Blue cloth; illustrated; bibliographies; index. Price, postpaid, $4.50.

AFTER this unique and much sought for book had passed out of print, and apparently had become unobtainable, the National Masonic Research Society was fortunate enough to discover a publisher's remainder or a limited number of copies. Such brethren as may not be able to add this item to their collection — it is often referred to — may be interested to know something of its contents; they are peculiar and in a certain sense are fascinating; and they have an importance from the fact that many more recent books have had their point of departure from them.

The theory at the center of Francis Bacon and His Secret Society is simple enough: the point of it is that Bacon determined to set up a new order of culture through a secret school; that he either founded or utilized the Society of the Rosicrucians; and that Freemasonry is a kind of split-off, or lower grade, of the Rosicrucians.

In support of this theory the authoress makes a number of startling assertions, of which a few contained in her Preface to the Second Edition are typical of many more. Therein she avers that "at the age of 15 Francis began to draw together his 'Invisible Brotherhood,' the Rosicrucian Fraternity." Mrs. Pott says that a Rosicrucian, "the last of his circle," [italics hers] told her this. "It has also been announced to a Lodge of Masons, by the 'Supreme Magus. Ros. Cru. in Anglia,' [this was Dr. Wynn Westcott] that the Rosicrucian and Masonic Orders are parts of One and the Same Society — The Rosicrucians, a Secret Society — the Freemasons, a Society with Secrets. This statement after some objection from the Lodge, was accepted as an incontrovertible fact." These sentences are astonishing enough, but see what follows! "The President of the Bacon Society also received from Sir C. Purdon-Clarke positive confirmation of the statement that Francis Bacon (so-called) founded modern Speculative Masonry." In Mrs. Pott's world miracles never cease. All the biographies tell us that Bacon died in 1626, but Mrs. Pott says that this is not true; Bacon did not really die then, but merely adopted aliases and lived on undetected. "Francis St. Alban [Bacon] the 'Magus,' the 'Miracle of Men,' 'died at the age of 106-7, in the year 1668."

As regards Bacon and his connection with the Rosicrucians it happens fortunately enough that a great work, fresh from the press, stands ready to be quoted. Bro. Arthur Edward Waite published in 1887 a since famous book entitled The Real History of the Rosicrucians; it now happens that at the end of his long laborious career as a scholar he has found it possible to replace that work by another, The Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross, to be reviewed in some subsequent issue. Inasmuch as Bro. Waite knows more about this subject than any other living person it is important just here to quote him from the pages in which he pays his respects to Mrs. Pott:

Thus far Waite. He has overlooked one of the choicest of Mrs. Pott's attributions of authorship. On page 266 of her Second Edition she makes this delicious statement: "At least one-third of Preston's Illustrations is, we believe, taken directly from Bacon, perhaps originally dictated by him." Shades of the Czesars! William Preston was born in 1742; if Mrs. Pott were correct in her theory that Bacon died in 1668, his death occurred seventy-four years before Preston's birth!

Our authoress devotes her Chapter IX to Masonry. It is a vague and vaporous treatise, with no ballast in it, and serves as a kind of narrow peninsula to her argument, which is, as already indicated, that Freemasonry is a lapse from Rosicrucianism, a subordinate and quite inferior offshoot; there is no need to discuss it because there is no knowledge of Masonry revealed in it.

According to the judgment of the present reviewer Chapters IX and X are the most interesting in the book, for they deal with "Paper-Marks Used Until the Time of Sir Nicholas Bacon," and "Paper-Marks in and After the Time of Francis Bacon." The bibliophiles who have chanced upon Harold Bayley's Lost Language of Symbolism know how fascinating is that by-way of research, whatever value he may or may not attach to it; and such brethren as have been unable to secure a copy of Bayley will find his materials here condensed and his arguments very ably epitomized.

For all its vagaries Francis Bacon and His Secret Society is a book one likes to have on his shelves, especially if he is fond of running down references and checking up quotations. The authoress has left behind her a mass of information about Bacon himself — she saturated herself in his writings, real or imputed, for years — and her boldness is always refreshing.

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A NEW CATALOG OF MASONIC BOOKS: BOUND VOLUME FOR 1924: ANNUAL INDEX

WITH this issue THE BUILDER completes its tenth volume, the first having been published January, 1915. As in preceding years a volume will be issued during the next few weeks, securely bound in goldenrod buckram, with a complete descriptive index, thereby transforming the twelve numbers into a book for permanent use; unused copies are employed, with covers removed, to be sold at $3.75. Brethren desiring this volume will receive an allowance of one dollar on returning their own file of separate issues for the year, providing they are in good condition; or they can have their own copies bound for $2.75. Orders may be placed on file at once.

For such as do not have their volumes bound, an index is being prepared to cover all numbers for the year 1924, to be printed separately. In order to prevent all waste of funds of the Society this index will be mailed only to those requesting it. In asking for it kindly see that your name and address is given in full and as legibly as possible.

Also the Society is happy to announce the completion of a new catalog of books for Masons, for general distribution without cost. Containing some 550 titles, none of them secondhand, this is probably the most comprehensive Masonic book list published in English during many years. Titles of especial interest to Royal Arch, Knight Templar and Scottish Rite brethren are separately indicated.

The distinguishing feature of this new catalog is the large number of titles included not specifically Masonic but having value for Masons; this is the first time, perhaps, that any attempt has been made to work out a well rounded list of such auxiliary subjects. It makes it possible for a Mason to find literature on any imaginable theme that may come up in the course of his Masonic activities or of his reading; and oftentimes the material in such non-Masonic books is more valuable or more authentic than can be found in the Craft's own literature. Members of Side Orders, speech makers, Study Clubs, members of social committees, musicians, architects and all others in specialized activities will find here their literary wants. So also will brethren in the English speaking world outside of the United States; all Masonic books published in England, Canada, Scotland, Ireland, Australia, etc., known to be available have been included.

Each title is described as to its general nature, size and binding, so that the catalog will serve as a permanent bibliographical reference work. Readers who find any available titles omitted will confer a favor by giving notice of the same for inclusion in a future edition.

The book is attractively printed on good paper, pocket size. All prices cover post payment. Single copies will be sent postpaid on request; when more than one copy is required, send stamps to cover postage; brethren needing large quantities may make special arrangements by mail. Address all letters and inquiries to Book Department, National Masonic Research Society, 1950 Railway Exchange, St. Louis, Mo.

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"THE LITTLE MASONIC LIBRARY"

THE Masonic Service Association, with headquarters at Washington, D. C., has announced the publication of The Little Masonic Library, a set of twenty volumes, 4½ by 6¼, bound in cloth, stamped in gold, containing along with a number of works hitherto unpublished such standard writings as Goodwin's "Mormonism and Masonry," Pound's "Masonic Jurisprudence," Shepherd's "The Landmarks," and many others of similar calibre. The association is to be very much congratulated on this fine new venture in publishing. An extended review will follow in a succeeding issue. The set will retail at five dollars.

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TWO ROMAN CATHOLIC PRIESTS WRITE ABOUT FREEMASONRY

AMERICAN MASONRY AND CATHOLIC EDUCATION by Rev. Michael Kenny, S.J. Published by International Catholic Truth Society. May be purchased through the National Masonic Research Society. Paper, 31 pages; price, postpaid, ten cents.

FREEMASONRY, by Rev. Lotion Johnston, S.T.L. Published by International Catholic Truth Society. May be purchased through National Masonic Research Society. Paper, 24 pages; price, ten cents postpaid.

REV. KENNY is a former editor of the Roman Catholic journal, America, and is now, so he inscribes himself in his little book on American Masonry and Catholic Education, a professor in Loyola University, New Orleans. The Rev. Mr. Johnston is Associate Editor of Truth, the official organ of the International Catholic Truth Society. Both of them, like the International Catholic Truth Society itself, are active in propaganda against Freemasonry and their two books were written expressly for that purpose.

Mr. Johnston's book is a collection of essays reprinted from Truth and deals with generalities; Mr. Kenny's book attacks Freemasonry for its support of the public school system and for what he fancies is its antagonism to Roman Catholic parochial schools. In both cases the primary purpose of the authors has been to assemble as many arguments as they can conjure together that will, in their view, make some kind of a case against the Masonic Craft.

It is evident that neither of these authors has ever made a study of Masonry. If they have it is difficult to understand why they have fallen into so many errors of fact. Mr. Kenny makes such statements as this:

"Freemasonry was founded in 1717 in a London tavern on the basis of four moribund societies of working Masons, the remains of one of the great Catholic guilds which the Stuarts had utilized as a medium for communication with their British partisans. When the house of Hanover was established two ministers (a French Hugenot and a Scotch Presbyterian) drew up the ritual and constitution for a philosophical and benevolent society of speculative Masons working not in mortar but on minds.... Introduced from England in 1729, American Masonry remained largely convivial in character, often of a bibulous type, till the Scottish Rite of Perfection was imported from France and a Supreme Council of 33 continental degrees was erected in Charleston, S. C., in 1801."

Most of this is wrong. It proves that Mr. Kenny has not studied his subject. He could have learned the facts if he had been interested enough, but apparently he did not wish to learn them. If he had wished he could have learned them easily enough; and if he had learned them he would not have made the errors with which his book is filled. In thus writing about a subject on which he was not sufficiently informed Mr. Kenny sinned against the most elementary principle of authorship, which is that no man has any moral right to publish a book on a subject about which he is ignorant.

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"FOIBLES AND FALLACIES OF SCIENCE"

FOIBLES AND FALLACIES OF SCIENCE, by D. W. Hering, Professor Emeritus of Physics, New York University. May be purchased through National Masonic Research Society. Cloth index, 295 pages. Price, $2.65 postpaid.

IDEAS and symbols used and believed in during the Middle Ages came into the Masonic Ritual. That Ritual is somewhat like a building in some old city, such as Athens or Rome, constructed of stones gathered from the ruins of other buildings that had been built in previous centuries; the building as it now stands may not be so very old but some post or pillar in it may first have been carved out a thousand years ago. This effect of novelty, this unexpected juxtaposition of what is old and new in it, partly explains the charm of our Ritual. The root of it, that which gives coherence and vitality to the structure, is a set of ideas that have meant much to men for thousands of years.

The Point Within a Circle possibly may be the old alchemist sign for gold, adapted to mystical purposes by Operative Masons; the reference to "certain metallic substances" may have been inherited from the astrologists, who attributed to each planet a peculiar influence over men, and connected that influence with metals they associated with the planets. So with other symbols and allegories. One can observe such survivals outside of Freemasonry, as in our daily language; for example, we use the word "influenza", which comes from Italy, where originally it was referred to the same "influence" of the planets just mentioned.

Foibles and Fallacies of Science is a history of such symbols and theories by a veteran physicist who has devoted a loving study to the rise and development of his own science. He tells us how astrology came to be, what theories it rested on, what it meant to the people who believed in it; who and what the alchemist were, and what they were trying to do; what magic was and why it was practiced; and makes references in passing to names more or less familiar to Masons, such as Cagliostro, Paracelsus, and Dr. Plot.

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OUR MASONIC PRESIDENTS

THE frontispiece of this issue shows the eleven Presidents of the United States of whom we have evidence that they were members of the Masonic Fraternity. This picture has been printed separately on heavy engravers' proof paper suitable for framing at fifty cents postpaid. Beginning with the top row and reading from left to right their names and dates of initiation, passing and raising are as follows:

James K. Polk (1795-1849) — Initiated June 5, 1820. Columbia Lodge No. 31, Columbia, Tenn. Passed Aug. 7, 1820, raised Sept. 4 1820.

James Monroe (1758-1831) — Held membership in Kilwinning-Crosse Lodge, No. 2, Virginia, and Williamsburg. Lodge, No. 6, Williamsburg, Va.

Andrew Jackson (1767-1829) — Was a member of Harmony Lodge, No. 4, Nashville, Tenn. Time not known when made a Mason. Was Grand Master of Masons in Tennessee from Oct. 7, 1822, to Oct. 4, 1824.

James Buchanan (1791-1868) — Initiated Dec. 11, 1816, Lodge No. 43, Lancaster, Pa. Passed and raised Jan. 24, 1817.

George Washington (1732-1799) — Initiated in Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4 Fredericksburg, Va. Nov. 4 1752: passed March 3, 1753: raised Aug. 4, 1753.

Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) — Raised in Greenville Lodge, No. 119, Greenville. Tenn. Dates unknown but supposed to be between 1848 and 1852.

James A. Garfield (1831-1881) — Initiated Nov. 22, 1861, in Magnolia Lodge, No. 20, Columbus, Ohio; passed Dec. 3, 1861, and raised Nov. 22, 1864.

Wm. McKinley (1844-1901) — Initiated May 1, 1865, in Hiram Lodge, No. 21, Winchester, Va.; passed May 2, 1865, raised May 3, 1865.

Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1918) — Initiated Jan. 2, 1901, in Matinecock Lodge, No. 806, Oyster Bay, Long Island, N. Y.; passed March 27, 1901; raised April 14, 1901.

William Howard Taft (1857) — Made n Mason at sight in Kilwinning Lodge, No. 385, Cincinnati Ohio, by Grand Master Chas. S. Hoskinson, Feb. 18, i909.

Warren G. Harding (1865-1923) — Raised in Marion Lodge, No. 7, Marion, Ohio, Aura 7, 1920.

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THE QUESTION BOX & CORRESPONDENCE

SCOTTISH RITE RING IN NORTHERN JURISDICTION

Please tell me on which finger the ring of the 14th Degree should be worn by members of the Scottish Rite, Northern Jurisdiction.

G.T.M., Illinois.

The Grand Secretary-General, Bro. Robert A. Shirrefs, writes that "the ring shall be worn on the third finger of the left hand."

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MASONIC MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED STATES

Total membership of the Masonic Fraternity in the United States (2,971,662), from data furnished by the Grand Secretaries, June, 1924.

1	Alabama	50,126	26	Nebraska	39,585
2	Arizona	5,444	27	Nevada	2,629
3	Arkansas	33,112	28	New Hampshire	14,773
4	California	100,583	29	New Jersey	78,469
5	Colorado	29,201	30	New Mexico	6,163
6	Connecticut	41,206	31	New York	299,034
7	Delaware	5,715	32	North Carolina	39,372
8	District of Columbia	21,132	33	North Dakota	15,033
9	Florida	24,228	34	Ohio	179,788
10	Georgia	67,431	35	Oklahoma	62,793
11	Idaho	9,135	36	Oregon	26,825
12	Illinois	259,573	37	Pennsylvania	193,650
13	Indiana	120,973	38	Rhode Island	17,032
14	Iowa	83,871	39	South Carolina	28,717
15	Kansas	75,265	40	South Dakota	18,965
16	Kentucky	70,526	41	Tennessee	45,344
17	Louisiana	33,214	42	Texas	122,879
18	Maine	42,556	43	Utah	4,502
19	Maryland	30,993	44	Vermont	18,456
20	Massachusetts	115,585	45	Virginia	43,630
21	Michigan	138,974	46	Washington	42,548
22	Minnesota	55,910	47	West Virginia	31,018
23	Mississippi	33,308	48	Wisconsin	52,364
24	Missouri	107,041	49	Wyoming	6,873
25	Montana	19,433	50	Philippine Islands	6,685
				Total	2,971,662

Compiled by C. C. Hunt,

Deputy Grand Secretary, Iowa.

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OUR GREATEST OPPORTUNITY FOR CHARITY

Bro. R. J. Newton, in his article "J'Accuse!" in THE BUILDER, October, 1924, page 292, has sounded a call in which every Freemason should be vitally and earnestly interested. Of all opportunities for Freemasons to practice charity, this is, in my opinion, the greatest. Why should the burden of caring for the distressed brethren fall upon the lodges of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado? It should not, even if they were financially able to carry it. Let THE Builder herald this cry for the relief of our brothers stricken with the White Plague, that it may be taken up by our various Grand Lodges for action in the near future. We have nearly three million Freemasons in the United States. Who would not gladly assent to $2 per year additional to their duties for this worthy cause? None I can assure you.

Dr. F. H. Knoop, Missouri.

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"HIDDEN MYSTERIES OF NATURE AND SCIENCE," Etc.

In the July issue (page 223) you give information about the Scottish Rite in Canada. We have had a Supreme Council in Canada since 1868. Brethren can always secure desired information through the office of the Secretary-General, Bro. W. H. Ballard, 196 George Street, Hamilton, Ont.

May I be excused for saying a word about the use of the term "Subordinate Lodges" in the heading of Bro. Price's article, on page 215 of the same issue? No Grand Lodge can come into existence except by united action of a group of lodges, neither can it bring a lodge into existence except by united action of its members. So that, in neither of its relations to its lodges, is it superior to them, or are they subordinate to it. Certainly, when a conflict of interest arises, it has to decide which is the lesser and exercise its authority accordingly, but that authority comes — not from within itself — but from the powers conferred upon it by its components, and such authority can be withdrawn at their decision. Under no conditions can the word "subordinate" connote such an influence, and I submit that it is quite out of place in such a relation as is referred to here.

Also I feel compelled to take issue with Bro. A. L. Kress' reply to J. W. N., Sask., under the heading, "Date of Death of H. A.," etc., in July, page 222. Even if we do owe the phrase, "Hidden Mysteries of Nature and Science," to the influence upon Preston of writers like Samuel Johnson and others whose works he helped to print, still it marked a definite responsibility of the Operative Fellowcraft, and therefore has a Speculative and real equivalent for us of today.

I see in Bro. Kress' attitude one reason why our membership is pouring its energies into "Side Degrees," since they join us in the expectation of making progress and find that we have, apparently, led them into a cul-de-sac with fine words.

Men must work, as Kingsley wrote, not alone for physical needs, but as a law of life, and if we offer our members words instead of service, then are we only "sounding brass and tinkling cymbals."

From what I heard a returned Past Master say recently at a lodge here, Freemasonry, as practiced in Switzerland, where he had lived several months, comes nearer than any other jurisdiction in an all-round service that will tax any man's capacity for understanding those responsibilities and privileges of a Fellow of the Craft that are summed up in the phrase quoted above.

Their business and other professional men who are members have no need to form themselves into Rotarians, or Kiwanis, or Gyros, or Lions in order to find an outlet suitable for their energies in good words; and the love of display, natural to younger minds, does not exhaust itself in the gaudy fripperies of Side Orders, but finds exercise in making the glow of health to appear on the faces of sick children and the light of happiness in the eyes of those less fortunate and competent than themselves. Their own regalia is of the simplest, but the variety of service they undertake is surprising.

An Unexplained Symbol

In the photographs of the apron preserved at Brantford and of the large Dutch apron from Woodstock, shown on page 302 of the October issue, appears a symbol of a hand grasping a curved object, which is closely similar to one that appears near the foot of the left column of the Arch, shown in the Halifax summons, illustrated in the August issue [Frontispiece], and I stated that I had been unable to find just what it represented, but I am now able to supply that detail.

W. Bro. E. G. Simpson, A.P.M. of Lodge 35, at Saintfield, County Down, Ireland, has recently published a history of the antiquities connected with his lodge, and in it is an illustration of an old floor-cloth, dating from 1809, whereon this Arch appears together with a great variety of K.T., R.A., Craft and other Masonic symbols of Degrees which have been worked in this lodge at various times. Amongst them is this one of a hand and I wrote to him inquiring as to its meaning.

He was good enough to reply at considerable length, both as to this and the other points of my inquiry, and I abstract the following: "It is a Hand grasping a Pliant Rod, and is stated on good authority to be the symbol of 'vengeance'. Modern Masonry does not recognize vengeance, but it was formerly found in Templar Masonry, where the candidate took a vow of revenge on the murderers of Jacques de Molay and his companions." As this little history has been issued at the price of half a crown for the benefit of the lodge's Annuity Fund, I would recommend to brethren interested in the older Irish Masonry, that they secure its good value for their own libraries by sending to Bro. Simpson for copies.

N. W. J. Haydon, Toronto, Canada.

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FREEMASONRY AND THE SICK

I have read and thought over the article by Bro. Robert J. Newton and your editorial entitled "A Sign and a Summons" in the October BUILDER. Your desire to build a number of hospitals for Masons afflicted with the white plague is truly laudable, but you have a way to travel which is beset with many dangers. This is how I see things:

Freemasonry is not a benefit society: that is very apparent from the low annual dues of practically all Blue Lodges, coupled with the fact that there is no medical examination demanded before admittance. Cast your eye around any lodge and you will find brethren who cannot obtain life insurance due to the state of their health or physical condition. Further, no benefit society would have them as they could not pass the necessary medical examination. We have all heard this expression, "Well, if anything happens to me, the Masons will take care of my widow." Well, maybe they would, but if the widow is not old and incapacitated from earning a living, she should certainly work for her living, and the Masons, you may be sure, will assist her to that end; it is being done every day. But if a Mason was not physically fit at the time he entered the Order, and he was perfectly well aware that it was not an insurance or benefit society, why should it be incumbent on the members of the Order to maintain him for an indefinite period?

I think that Bro. Newton forecasts truly when he says that if these hospitals were started that "Masonry would double its strength in the next decade," but not because, as he says, "all good men would seek alliance with a body of men who translated their ritual into terms of service." We are surely all sufficiently worldly wise enough to have to acknowledge that those men who knew or thought they had the beginnings of the disease would avail themselves of an opportunity to find shelter when the disease manifested itself.

If we read the physical disabilities for admittance that the ancient landmarks laid down, we can see that our ancient brethren took care to guard themselves against the liability of caring for brethren in any event, but limited that liability to accidents and unlooked-for misfortune.

So that it comes to this — if we are to live up to our obligation fully, we must, in self protection, demand that investigation committees must satisfy themselves that the applicant for admission is in a good state of health before acceptance, or else he must sign a release from the liability of the lodge and the brethren in the event of ill health; and I am not sure that this is feasible. It comes back to the old cry, that we should be more careful in whom we admit to our ranks.

I am quite willing to pay another two dollars a year dues for such a maintenance fund as you outline, provided I feel reasonably sure I am not going to be imposed upon. I would rather pay such a sum for the maintenance of a hospital which would take in anybody, but giving preference to Masons.

Ernest E. Murray, Montana.

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BUILDER INDEX FOR 1924

With this issue the tenth volume of THE BUILDER comes to an end. An index covering all contributions, subjects, titles, authors, etc., for the year will be off the press soon. A copy will be mailed free to each member upon request. Be sure to write your name and address as plainly as possible. As in preceding years, this index will be suitable to be bound up with the volume, being on same paper as the journal itself.

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YE EDITOR'S CORNER

Now that Yuletide is on its way let us recall the exhortation the gentle Whittier:

"Blow, bugles of battle, the marches of peace; East, west, north and south, let the long quarrel cease; Sing the song of great joy that the angels began, Sing the glory to God and of good-will to man."

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Bro. W. L. Cummings, 228 Gordon Avenue, Syracuse, N. Y., has the goodness to offer gratis to any brother paying postage, a copy of the Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Michigan for 1874. Don't delay, there are only about twenty copies available.

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A brief notice in this Corner last September that we had for free distribution copies of Bro. Arthur C. Parker's Secrets of the Temple met with such a demand that the supply was exhausted in a few days. Bros. Parker and George K. Staples have now furnished us with a new supply. One copy free upon request. Send a two cent stamp.

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Bro. Robert I. Clegg, one of Ye Associate Editors, has returned after many months to God's country, after doing much successful research work in England and Scotland. Welcome home!

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These are the last words to be printed in the tenth volume of THE BUILDER; it is fitting that they express a sense of gratitude for the best year we have ever had, and for the aid and assistance of so many willing brothers.