THE BUILDER MAGAZINE

A Journal for the Masonic Student

Published Monthly by the National Masonic Research Society

Vol. 7 No. 2 – February 1921

MEMORIALS TO GREAT MEN WHO WERE MASONS

Bro. Geo. W. Baird, P.G.M., District of Columbia

GENERAL LEWIS CASS

LEWIS CASS, the first Grand Master of Masons in Michigan, was born in New Hampshire in 1782 and died in Detroit in 1866. He was the son of a General Officer in the Revolutionary Army. Early in life he took up the duties of a schoolmaster — fortunately for him, for if there is anything which gives to a man an understanding of a subject, it is the attempt to teach it. The family moved to Ohio, where Lewis studied law, and in 1802 was admitted to the bar. He married in 1806 and soon thereafter was elected to the legislature. He drew up the address to Jefferson, embodying the views of the legislature on Aaron Burr's expedition, and drafted the law under which Rurr's boats and provisions, built and collected in Ohio, were seized.

In the War of 1812 Cass was a Colonel in the Ohio Volunteers under General Hull. He was promoted to be a Brigadier General, and at the end of the War was appointed Governor of what is now the State of Michigan, and in that capacity was Superintendent of Indian Affairs. During his term of eighteen years in this office he negotiated twenty-two treaties, securing, by concession of the Indian tribes, immense tracts of land in the Northwest; instituted surveys, constructed roads, built forts and organized counties and townships.

In the year 1815 he purchased, for $12,000, a homestead tract of five hundred acres in Detroit, which the subsequent growth of the city made valuable. He explored the upper lakes and the headwaters of the Mississippi, the report of his explorations having been published in the North American Review for 1828-9.

Cass was Secretary of War under President Jackson in 1831, and was Minister to France in 1836.

The most remarkable incident of his diplomatic career was his attack on the quintuple treaty for the suppression of the slave trade, which led to his resignation, in 1842.

He was elected United States Senator in 1845, an in 1846 was Democratic nominee for President. He was reelected to the Senate in 1849, the year of the "gold fever" in California. Though instructed by the legislature of Michigan to vote for the "Wilmot proviso" he vigorously opposed it, which shows his independence and fealty to the commonwealth in lieu of his State. In 1850 he was made a member of Clay's compromise treaty, but did not vote for the fugitive slave bill. At the Baltimore Convention in 1852 he was a candidate for the Presidential nomination, but was not successful in securing the nomination.

In 1854 he voted for the Douglas Kansas-Nebraska bill proposing the repeal of the Missouri compromise, but which included a provision embodying Cass's suggestion in the famous Nicholson letter to leave to the inhabitants of the territories the power to regulate their own institutions, subject only to the constitution. Subsequently he declined to obey the wish of the State legislature as to his vote on the Kansas question.

Cass was Secretary of State in Buchanan's administration, during the most trying period of the Nation.

Men thought that their first fealty was to their State, this sentiment having come down from the time of the Colonies; the National constitution was silent on the privilege of a State's secession. Cass was a democrat, in the dictionary sense of the word: his fealty was to the commonwealth, while most of the other of the cabinet officers, particularly Mr. Davis and Mr. Cobb, thought differently. The writer was living in Washington at the time and, while under age, was cognizant of much that transpired in the executive departments. The President believed the war was a flurry, or a bluff, and even after Fort Sumter was fired upon we all thought the war would not last three months. Mr. Cass had urged upon the President to reinforce Fort Sumter, but the latter could not conceive of the gravity of the situation. He was naturally fond of Mr. Davis, the Secretary of War, over whose desk such an order must pass, and in the President's hesitancy Mr. Cass resigned. It was a pity. It was lack of vision on the part of the President. He may have been misled by the unconcealed apathy of his secession surroundings in breaking with the government, but he lacked experience.

When fighting begins personal friendships and old associations are forgotten. The writer heard Mr. Capers (in Charleston) tell of that first shot. It was aimed at the Star of the West, as she entered the Harbor of Charleston to reinforce Sumter. Capers, who was a member of Colonel Stevens' battery, says that Stevens, apparently choking with emotion, looking upon the old flag at the peak of the Star of the West said: "Boys, it almost breaks my heart, but, Number One, fire!" and that was the first shot of the war. Then Senator Wigfall, of Texas, (who had never hear the screech of an angry shot), said, on the floor of the Senate, "You sent the Star of the West into Charleston Harbor; we fired on her, and you dare not resent it!"

The beautiful memorial to General Cass, shown in the frontispiece, is an enduring tribute to one of the bravest, wisest, far-seeing men the Nation ever produced. The monument is the pride of Detroit.

* * *

WOMAN AND FREEMASONRY

Wise men tell us that there never has been a woman Freemason. Perhaps that is true. This question has been called to the attention of the able scholar and devoted Mason who contributes this series of articles. Can Freemasonry enlarge its borders to include women or must they forever remain outside the pale? If they are to be made Masons in literal truth in what way can we reorganize the ritual so as to eliminate certain features which might prove embarrassing to them? If they cannot be admitted into full membership in what way can the spirit and teachings of this ancient Fraternity be made available to them? Since Freemasonry began to be this has been a moot question; it is still. It will be for years to come. It is a theme of perennial interest. For this reason we are very glad indeed to give to our readers the reasoned and mature judgments of a scholar who has every right to speak on this interesting question.

WOMEN FREEMASONS

ALTHOUGH the Antient Charges forbid the admission or initiation of women into the Order of Free and Accepted Masons, there are known instances where as the result of accident or sometimes design the rule has been broken and women have been duly initiated. The most prominent instance is that of the Hon. Elizabeth St. Leger, or, as she afterwards became, on marriage, the Hon. Mrs. Aldworth, who is referred to sometimes, though erroneously, as the "only woman who over obtained the honour of initiation into the sublime mysteries of Freemasonry."

The Hon. Elizabeth St. Leger was a daughter of the first Viscount Doneraile, a resident of Cork. Her father was a very zealous Freemason and, as was the custom in his time — the early part of the eighteenth century — held an occasional lodge in his own house, when he was assisted by members of his own family and any brethren in the immediate neighbourhood and visitors to Doneraile House. This lodge was duly warranted and held the number 150 on the Register of the Grand Lodge of Ireland.

The story runs that one evening previous to the initiation of a gentleman named Coppinger, Miss St. Leger hid herself in the room adjoining the one used as a lodgeroom. This room was at that time undergoing some alterations and Miss St. Leger is said to have removed a brick from the partition with her scissors and through the aperture thus created witnessed the ceremony of initiation. What she saw appears to have disturbed her so thoroughly that she at once determined upon making her escape, but failed to elude the vigilance of the tyler, who, armed with a sword stood barring her exit. Her shrieks alarmed the members of the lodge, who came rushing to the spot, when they learned that she had witnessed the whole of the ceremony which had just been enacted. After a considerable discussion and yielding to the entreaties of her brother it was decided to admit her into the Order and she was duly initiated, and, in course of time, became the Master of the lodge. According to Milliken, the Irish Masonic historian, she was initiated in Lodge No. 95, which still meets at Cork, but there is no record extant of her reception into the Order. It is, however, on record that she was a subscriber to the Irish Book of Constitutions, which appeared in 1744 and that she frequently attended, wearing her Masonic regalia, entertainments that were given under Masonic auspices for the benefit of the poor and distressed. She afterwards married Mr. Richard Aldworth of Newmarket and when she died she was accorded the honour of a Masonic burial. She was cousin to General Antony St. Leger, of Park Hill, near Doncaster, who, in 1776, instituted the celebrated Doncaster St. Leger races and stakes.

Helene, Countess Hadik Barkoczy, who was born in 1833, was the sole heiress of Count Johann Barkoczy, and being the last of her race was permitted by the Hungarian Courts to take the place of a son. She succeeded her father on his death in 1871, in the extensive Majorat of Barkoczy. In 1860 she married Count Bela Hadik, aide-de-camp to the unfortunate Emperor Maximillian of Mexico. With her inheritance she came into the possession of an extensive Masonic library. She was a highly educated lady, and made the Masonic literature her earnest study; and having mastered the statements concerning almost every degree in Freemasonry, an ardent admiration for the Masonic idea was aroused in her. She was well acquainted with some Freemasons, through whom she endeavoured to gain admittance into the Craft. Her desire was granted and in 1875, she was duly initiated in the Lodge Egyenloseg, in Unghvar, holding a warrant from the Orient of Hungary. On hearing of this glaring violation of the statutes the Grand Orient of Hungary instituted proceedings against the brethren who had been guilty of this "breach of the Masonic vow, unjustifiedly conferring Masonic Degrees, doing that which degrades a Freemason and Freemasonry, and for knowingly violating the statutes." The judgment of the Council was given at their meeting on January 5th, 1876, when all the accused were found guilty. The Deputy Master of the lodge was condemned to the loss of all his Masonic rights and expulsion from the Order forever; the officers to have their names struck off the lists and the other members of the lodge to be suspended for a space of three, six, or twelve months. But still the question remained as to whether the duly initiated Countess could and ought to be looked upon as a regular Freemason and whether she could claim all the rights of a member of the Fraternity. On this point the Grand Orient of Hungary decided in their meeting held on 10th March, 1876, as follows:

1. The Grand Orient declares the admission of the Countess Hadik Barkoczy to be contrary to the laws, and therefore null and void, forbids her admittance into any lodge of their jurisdiction, under penalty of erasion of the lodge from the rolls, and requests all Grand Lodges to do the same.
2. The Countess is requested to return the invalid certificate which she holds within ten days, in default of which measures will be taken to confiscate immediately the certificate whenever produced at any of the lodges.

* * *

Mrs. Beaton, a Norfolk lady, it is said, contrived to conceal herself behind the wainscotting in a lodgeroom, where she learned the secret of the First degree, before she was discovered, upon which she herself was initiated. There is, however, no official record of this incident, which rests largely upon tradition.

* * *

Madame de Xaintrailles, the wife of General de Xaintrailles, was a member of an Adoptive lodge, and it is said that she was afterwards initiated into Craft Masonry. This event is said to have occurred at the close of the eighteenth century, but this also rests largely upon tradition.

The story of Madame de Xaintrailles is told by Clavel in his Histoire Pittoresque de la Franc-Maçonnerie but neither date nor place is mentioned:

"Although the rule which forbids women admission to lodges is absolute, yet it has once been infringed under very remarkable circumstances. The Lodge of Les Frères Artistes, presided over by Bro. Covelier de Trie was giving a Fete of Adoption. Before the introduction of the ladies the brethren had begun their ordinary work. Among the visitors who were waiting in the ante-chamber was a young officer in the uniform of a major of cavalry. He was asked for his certificate. After hesitating a few moments he handed a folded paper to the Expert-Senior Deacon, who, without opening it, proceeded to take it to the Orator. This paper was an aide-de-camp's commission issued to Madame de Xaintrailles, wife of the General of that name, who, like the Demoiselles de Fernig and other Republican heroines, had distinguished herself in the wars of the revolution and had won her rank at the point of the sword. When the Orator read to the lodge the contents of this Commission the astonishment was general. They grew excited and it was spontaneously decided that the First degree, not of Adoptive Masonry, but of real Freemasonry, should be conferred there and then on the lady who so many times had displayed all the virtues of a man and had deserved to be charged with important missions which required as much courage as discretion and prudence. They at once proceeded to acquaint Madame de Xaintrailles with the decision of the lodge and to ask her if she would accept the hitherto unprecedented favour. Her reply was in the affirmative. 'I am a man for my country,' she said, 'I will be a man for my brethren.' The reception took place and from that time Madame de Xaintrailles often assisted in the work of the Lodge."

* * *

The Palladian Lodge, No. 120 on the Roll of the English Constitution of Free and Accepted Masons, is said once to have numbered a lady among its members. It is a tradition of the lodge that, in 1770, Mrs. Havard was proposed as an honourary member and was initiated therein, in order that she might have the necessary qualification. There is, however, no record of such initiation. The Palladian Lodge, it may be stated, was warranted in 1762 and celebrated the centenary of its existence in 1862.

* * *

The most modern instance of a woman claiming to be a member of a recognized Masonic lodge is that of Mrs. Catherine Babington, whose Biography was published by her son, J. P. Babington, himself a member of Lee Lodge, No. 253, Taylorsville, N. C., U.S.A., the third edition of which was issued in 1912. Mrs. Babington was the only daughter of Charles and Margaret Sweet, and was born at Princess Furnace, Kentucky, on 28th December, 1815. Near her grandfather's house the Freemasons are said to have met in the upper story of a building in a room designed for a church, in the corner of which an old-fashioned pulpit had been erected and under which it is said she concealed herself from time to time during a period of a year and a half, and where she frequently saw and heard the various Masonic degrees conferred. Finally, the story goes on, one of her uncles, named Ulen, who had left his rifle in the ante-room, went back to get it, and saw Kate emerging from her place of concealment. When they got home he and his brothers summoned her before them to find out what she had learned about Freemasonry. Having ascertained the extent of her information the question arose as to what was to be done. And the story runs: "Accordingly a suitable uniform of red flannel was made and she was taken to the lodge where she was obligated as a regular Mason, but not admitted to membership." The day she took the obligations was the first and last time she was ever inside a Masonic lodge (where she could be seen) while it was at work. She knew Masonry and kept herself posted up until a short time before her death; but never attempted to visit a lodge. On one occasion, it is related, while they were considering her case in the lodge, she was met on the outside by a party of masked men who demanded that she tell them what she knew about Masonry; and relating the incident to her uncle, she is reported to have said: "They might kill me, but they could never make me tell anything about Masonry." Many incidents are told of her use of Masonic signs and words in her travels through Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Virginia, Maryland, Tennessee, and other States; but most of them are seemingly improbable, if not impossible. Mrs. Babington died in Shelby, N.C., where she was buried, and the "Shelby Aurora," which was owned and edited by a member of the Craft, describing the funeral, stated: "At her death she was the only female Mason in the United States and was well versed in the workings of the lodge."

* * *

The following curious advertisement appeared in the "Newcastle Weekly Chronicle" of January 6th, 1770:

"This is to acquaint the public that on Monday, 1st inst. being the lodge or monthly meeting-night of the Free and Accepted Masons of the 22nd Regiment, held at the Crown, near Newgate, Mrs. Bell, the landlady of the house, broke open a door with a poker, by which means she got into an adjacent room, made two holes through the wall, and by that stratagem discovered the secrets of Masonry, and knowing herself to be the first woman in the world that ever found out the secret, is willing to make it known to all her sex. So that any lady that is desirous of learning the secrets of Freemasonry, by applying to that well-learned woman (Mrs. Bell) who has lived fifteen years in and about Newgate, may be instructed in all secrets of Masonry."

* * *

In the "Edinburgh Courant" of 2nd December, 1772, there appeared the following paragraph:

"A few nights ago a regular Lodge of Freemasons was held at the Star in Watergate Street, in the city of Chester, when a woman who lodged in the house, concealed herself in a press in the lodge room in order to satisfy a painful curiosity she had a long time imbibed of discovering the reason of their secret meetings; but the ever wary and careful fraternity, making a timely and secret discovery of the place of her concealment, assembled themselves within her hearing, and after repeating the punishment which they always inflict on every person whom they detect prying into their secrets, opened the press and took her out, almost dead with apprehension of what she was to suffer, which had such an effect on the humanity of the brethren then present, that they unanimously agreed to dismiss her, without doing her any other injury than that of a severe reprimand for her folly." The Masonic lodge held at this particular house at this time was the principal lodge in the Chester Division of what are known as the Operative Freemasons. This body has certain officers known as "Searchers" and their duty is to search the lodgeroom, as well as all other rooms which are either under, over, or adjoining the lodgeroom, and the tradition is that the woman was discovered by the Searchers before the Operative lodge was opened.

Lady Morgan, in her Diary, published in 1859, claimed to have been initiated in a lodge in Paris. Under date of January, 1819, she wrote:

"Well, here I am, a Free and Accepted Mason, according to the old Irish Masonic song. When we drove to the solitudes of the Rue Vaugirard, Faubourg St. Germaine, we found the court of the Hotel la Vilette and all the premises full of carriages: Belle et Bonne magnificently dressed in white satin and diamonds, with Voltaire's picture round her neck, set in brilliants, received us in the salon with a sort of solemn grace, very unlike her usual joyous address. Madame la Generale Foy, the wife of the popular militaire, stood beside her; his Royal Highness Prince Paul of Wurtemberg, the Bishop of Jerusalem, Talma, Count de la Rochefoucault, in full dress, looking very like his illustrious ancestor of Les Maximes; Denon, the Count de Cazes, pair de France (brother to the premier, the Duc de Cazes), General Favier, and many others whom we knew, were assembled, and muttered their conversation in little groups. At half past eight they all proceeded to hold the Chapter for the installation of the Dames Ecossaises du Temple, according to the programme, we, les dames postulantes, remaining behind till we were called for. I really began to feel some trepidation, and the stories that I had heard from my childhood upwards, of the horrors of the trial of a free Masonic probation, rose to my mind, red hot poker included. At nine o'clock we were summoned to attend the 'Overture de la Cour des Grands Commandeurs.' When the battants were thrown open, a spectacle of great magnificence presented itself. A profusion of crimson and gold, marble busts, a decorated throne and altar, a profusion of flowers, incense of the finest odour filling the air, and, in fact, a spectacle of the most scenic and dramatic effect ever presented itself. Such of the forms as are permitted to reach the ears profane are detailed in the programme. We took the vows, but as to the Secret, it shall never pass these lips, in holy silence sealed."

It is clear that this was one of the many Adoptive lodges then in existence.

According to the records of the Lodge Sincerite held at Klattau, Bohemia, the charter of which was recalled in September, 1780, a women's lodge was formed as an auxiliary, the membership of which was confined to the wives of the members of the parent lodge. An exception to this rule was made in favour of the Baroness Chanowsky de Langendorf, who is described as "the most honest, virtuous, and fairest lady." This female lodge worked under the name "The Three Crowned Hearts"; but, with the exception of its by-laws, no records of any kind concerning the activity of the lodge have been left. A Master Mason managed the lodge as its Master, the office of Treasurer being also occupied by a Master Mason, but, with these options, all the other officers were women. The by-laws stipulated that the members should be "God-fearing, humble, discreet, modest, honest, of righteous heart, obliging as well as charitably inclined toward the poor." The initiation could not take place when the candidate was in delicate health. The petitions were passed upon by the Master as far as proposition fees were concerned in accordance with the petitioner's circumstances or means, while the amount of dues was fixed by the candidate herself.

The underlying purpose of the lodge was purely moral and virtuous. Besides impressing upon its members the observation of secrecy, they were strictly admished to observe peace, harmony, union, and unblemished behaviour, with the exclusion of haughtiness and arrogance. They were also strictly given in charge to utter words of slander or commit defamatory acts nor were they allowed in any circumstances to indulge in illicit love affairs. The special task of strengthening the members in the observance of a virtuous life was in the hands of the Master and the Woman Orator. The funds were used to assist a sick sister or brother in the event of misfortune or unemployment. The Constitution and By-laws of this lodge are in the archives of the National Museum in Prague, Bohemia. The creation of the lodge contributed in no small degree to the difficulties which afterwards befell the parent Lodge Sincerite, the members of which, in the main, army officers belonging to the Dragoon Regiment Prince Coburg.

* * *

Mr. Charles Purton Cooper, F.R.S., a well-known Freemason of his day, addressed the following communication to the editor of The Freemasons Magazine, which appeared in that journal of April 4th, 1863:

"In the autumn of 1831, whilst on a visit of importance to the 'domaine' of La Favee, near the village of St. Eusebe des Pois, in Burgundy, then belonging to myself, but now belonging to my grandson, Arthur, Viscount Delagueriviere, I became acquainted with an octogenarian lady, the Countess de G — —, owner of another 'domaine' in the neighbourhood. The Countess, finding I was a Mason, spoke with singular delight of her 'reception au grade d'apprenti' in a Paris lodge about 1780 and regretted that a sudden and lasting change of residence — France to Italy — had prevented her proceeding to a higher degree. Her early days had been spent with her mother and grandmother at Dijon, both of whom had been members of lodges there — one of the Loge La Concorde and the other of the Loge Les Arts Reunis."

The MS. "Constitutions of the Freemasons," bearing date 1693 have occasionally been quoted in support of the contention that at one time women were admitted into the Masonic guilds. One of the clauses runs:

"The one of the elders taking the Booke, and that he or shee that is to bee made a MAson shall lay their hands thereon, and the charge shall be given."

IN the same manuscript there is more than one reference to the "Dame" as well as the Master.

From the records of the Lodge of Operative Masons held at Mary's Chapel, Edinburgh, it is evident that the widows of Master Masons could, to a limited extent, occupy the position of "Dame" or "Mistress" in a Masonic sense,

"Adr., 17 of Apryle, 1683. The whilk day, in presence of Thomas Hamiltone deakone and John Harvy warden, and remnant masters of the masone craft, in corroborations of the former practise quhich was of use and wont amongst them, it is statute and ordained that it shall be in tyme or in no wayes leithsome for a widow to undertake workes or to imploy jurneymen in any manner or way, but if such work as ancient customers of the deceased husbands or any other ouner who may out of kyndnesse offer the benefite of their work to the sd widoes be ofered unto them, than and that caice it shall be leithsome to them to have the benefite of the work, providing alwayes that they bespeake some freeman by whose advyse and concurrance the worke shall be undertaken and the jurneymen agreed with, quhich freeman is hereby charged to be altogether inhibited to participate of the benefite arriessing from the sd work, under the paine of douhling the soume reaped and arriessing to them by the sd work unjustly and to the prejudice of the sd widoues, and contrare to the intent of the masters mette for this tyme; and lykewise to underly the censure of the deakon and masters in all tyme coming, if they shall think it expedient to punish them for their malversatione and circumventione of the said widoues. Written and subscribed by order and with consent of the deakon, warden, and masters by Ar. Smith, Clerk."

In this connection mention must be made of the famous Chevalier D'Eon. Déon de Beaument was born at Tonnerre in Burgundy on 5th October, 1728, and, in 1755, received an appointment at the Court of Louis XV. After a successful career in the diplomatic world, in 1764, doubts began to be expressed very freely as to his sex. So notorious did the matter become that between 1769 and 1777 a scheme of "Insurance on the sex of M. le Chevalier (or Mlle. la Chevaliere) D'Eon" resulted in policies to the amount of 120,000 pounds being effected.

While the discussion was at its height, the Chevalier was initiated as a Freemason in La loge de l'Immortalite, a French lodge under the English Constitution, bearing the number 376 on the roll of the Grand Lodge of England. The lodge was formed in 1766 and its headquarters were at the Crown and Anchor in the Strand. He proceeded to the Third degree in January, 1769, and in the same year was appointed Junior Warden of the lodge. Fearing that an attempt to kidnap him might be made by those who had effected policies on the issue he was sheltered by Earl Ferrers at Staunton Harold, near Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Earl Ferrers in 1762 and 1763 held the position of Grand Master of England.

In 1777 an action was brought by a policy-holder against an insurance broker to recover the sum secured by the policy, when two witnesses swore in Court that, of their own personal knowledge, the Chevalier was a woman. All doubt was, however, set at rest by D'Eon's own admission that "he" was a woman. The King of France commanded that the Chevalier should "resume the garments of her sex" and the command was obeyed. To her credit, let it be said that she never again attempted to enter a Masonic lodge, but after her death, there was found the manuscript of an essay on "Freemasonry and Quakerism," in which she said:

"What I say here about Masonry is not meant to win the Gold or Silver Medal, advertised in the London 'Courier Francais,' but only to win, in my heart, a prize graven on the Masonic Compass and Triangles, each point of which, like the Trinity, rests on Truth, Virtue, and Benevolence, Common foundations of Equality and Justice between brothers by birth and by Christianity, as between Brethren by Masonry, enlightened by the Sun of Truth, inasmuch as this is the Truth held by the primitive Christians of Jerusalem and Antioch. But since the Greek, Latin, Gallican, and Anglican Churches have organised themselves into formidable bodies, they deride, individually and collectively, the sombre Society of good Quakers, who are good only at whining, snivelling, and having no power among them; while the Freemasons have established themselves in Worshipful Lodges, in order to laugh, drink, sing at their ease, and display benevolence towards their Brethren and Fellows dispersed over the Earth, without infringing the Laws of Moses or of the Covenant. They spread sunshine, God's consolation, and true happiness in the heart of all human beings capable of appreciating simple Virtue. The happiness of Mankind and the well-being of the Material World are to be found in Nature, Reason, Truth, Justice, and Simplicity, and not in huge bodies compiled by Philosophy and Divinity."

* * *

The following advertisement appeared in the Publick Advertiser, of 7th March, 1759:

The following advertisement appeared in various English newspapers in the early part of 1762:

* * *

A STUDY OF MORMONISM AND ITS CONNECTION WITH MASONRY IN THE EARLY FORTIES

Bro. S. H. Goodwin. P.G.M., Utah

THE PLAN of this paper contemplates a consideration of the introduction of Masonry among the Mormons at Nauvoo, and a brief study of some of the outstanding conditions in the midst of which Masonic work was done in that community up to the time when — and shortly after — it was disowned by the Grand Lodge of Illinois.

In the latter part of April, 1839, the first steps were taken toward the establishment, in Illinois, of a semi-theocratic community under the leadership of Joseph Smith, the Mormon prophet. Similar attempts had been made by this teacher of a new faith at Kirtland, Ohio, and at several points in the state of Missouri — all of which had come to a disastrous conclusion. The "why" of these failures does not lie within the province of this paper.

On the date named certain of the Mormon leaders came up from Quincy, some fifty miles down the Mississippi river — whither they had fled from their troubles in Missouri — and definitely fixed upon a location for a new settlement. The site of this new Zion included the straggling village of Commerce.

On the first of May, the initial purchase of land was made by a committee headed by Joseph Smith. Soon other extensive holdings were secured and a year later, when a Post office was established there, the Post-master General re-christened the place "Nauvoo," in deference to the wishes of the settlers. [1]

To this place the Saints gathered in large numbers, coming especially from Missouri, where multiplied troubles had beset them. In consequence of this movement Nauvoo experienced a phenomenal growth, for those times. Within two years from the time the first land was secured by Joseph Smith, the population had grown from almost nothing to more than three thousand, and when Grand Master Jonas instituted Nauvoo Lodge, March 15th, 1842, between eight and ten thousand people made their homes there. [2] Three years later Nauvoo enjoyed the distinction of being the largest city in the state of Illinois and, with the exception of St. Louis, it had no rival in the Northwest.

These people came originally from the older sections of the country and from foreign lands, more particularly from England, and were largely the fruits of the aggressive missionary policy which has distinguished this church from its inception.

Among those who were attracted by the proclamation of this new evangel were a number who were, or had been, members of the Masonic fraternity. Prominent among these were Dr. John C. Bennett, an Ohio Mason, Heber C. Kimball — one of the first apostles and a trusted friend of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young — who had received the degrees in Victor, New York, and Hyrum Smith, the prophet's brother, who was also a New York Mason. [3]

Early in the summer of 1841 these Masons addressed a communication to Bodley Lodge No. 1, located at Quincy, in which they asked for the usual recommendation in order that they might establish a new lodge at Nauvoo. This request was denied, the reason assigned by Bodley Lodge being that "....as these persons are unknown to this lodge as Masons, it was thought prudent not to do so. [4] A recent writer informs us that not only was the recommendation withheld, but also that Bodley Lodge protested against the granting of a dispensation to the Nauvoo brethren. [5] However that may be, on October 15th, 1841 — ten days after the close of Grand Lodge — Grand Master Jonas issued his dispensation authorizing a lodge at Nauvoo, and five months later, March 15th, 1842, he paid an official visit to that place and set the lodge to work.

In this connection it may not be amiss to note the fact in passing, that the Grand Lodge of Illinois was barely one year old when the Nauvoo dispensation was issued, and that there were few, if any, over one hundred members in the constituent lodges of the state. The natural desire for increase of numbers may have had something to do in determining the action of Grand Master Jonas in this case.

From the very first, the movement to establish a Masonic lodge in Nauvoo appears to have been regarded with suspicion and distrust by Masons elsewhere in the state, more particularly by the members of Bodley Lodge No. 1, at Quincy. [6] This attitude may have been due, in part, at least, to the tales and rumours of misdoings which had followed the Mormons from Ohio and Missouri. But there were other factors. The history of the period now under review points unmistakably to certain political, religious, social and personal forces and considerations which were not without a positive, and very great, influence on the character and fortunes of the Mormon lodges, and which did much to shape Masonic opinion concerning those lodges and their membership. At the risk of a seeming digression, space must be given here to a consideration of some of these elements of the situation, for otherwise we shall find ourselves without either clue or background.

Among the sinister forces of the time which reacted unfavourably, politics played no inconspicuous part. With the rapid increase of population at the Mormon centre came a realization, on the part of the politicians of the state, that the Mormon vote was a factor that must be reckoned with. And the concern of the leaders of the two political parties was in way lessened when they discovered the fact, that, for all practical purposes, the leaders of the church could turn the Mormon vote to the one party or the other, as their plans or needs might dictate. If there lingered any doubt on this score in the minds of any, must have been set at rest when the prophet unequivocally declared that he and his people would support the men and party who were friendly to their interests. [7] As a result, both Whigs and Democrats sought by acts of kindness and promises of help, to win this support. Nor were the leaders of these religions slow in making use of their power.

At the general conference of the church held in October, 1840, it was decided to petition the St. Legislature to incorporate the town of Nauvoo, and committee of three, including Joseph Smith and Dr. John C. Bennett, was selected to draft the necessary petition and bill. These documents were taken to Springfield by Bennett, who appears to have been a shrewd lobbyist, in December of that year. When presented, the bill seems to have met no opposition. It passed the lower house with only one or two dissenting votes, and the Senate with none at all. [8] Indeed, we are informed by a recent writer that in the House of Representatives the bill was not even read, except by title. Yet there were in the Assembly at the time such men of later national prominence as John A. Logan, Lyman Trumbull and Abraham Lincoln. [9] And Stephen A. Douglass, then Secretary of State, of Illinois, and leader of the Democratic party, used his influence to expedite the passage of the bill. The act granting the charts to Nauvoo was signed by Governor Carlin, December 16th, 1840.

This charter, which "included charters for the Nauvoo Legion and the University of the City of Nauvoo," was of a most extraordinary character. The only restrictions placed on the city council was that no law should be passed which was repugnant to the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of the State. Among other unusual powers granted by this remarkable instrument was that of issuing writs habeas corpus by the municipal court. [10] This feature as the sequel shows, was a dangerous provision: it was so liable to abuse. And it was abused. It was the misuse of such writs that brought the city and state authorities into conflict, fed the fires of hatred an opposition and furnished a pretext for mob action.

About the time that the Nauvoo Masons were taking the initial steps in the organization of a lodge Judge Stephen A. Douglass, then one of the Justice of the State Supreme Court and located at Quincy, visited Nauvoo, addressed the people, was entertained by Joseph Smith, and while there appointed Dr. John C. Bennett Master in Chancery. As noted above, Douglass had aided in securing the passage of the act of incorporation for Nauvoo, and had thereby won the gratitude of the Saints. His action in the present instance increased the favour with which he was regarded by Joseph Smith and the people. But it brought upon him the unsparing criticism of his political opponents and from this the people whom he had so signally favoured did not entirely escape. Indeed, so caustic was the criticism levelled at Douglass by one paper — the Warsaw Signal — that Joseph Smith, in a vitriolic communication addressed to the editor of that paper, ordered his subscription cancelled. [11] On another occasion, not long after the Nauvoo lodge had been set to work, Douglass adjourned court in order that he might visit Nauvoo and witness the review of the Nauvoo Legion. [12] In connection with the elections of that fall Joseph Smith published an article in which he declared that the Mormon people did not care a fig for Whig or Democrat; that they all looked alike, and that he would support those who had shown themselves to be friends of the Mormons, adding, "Douglass is a master spirit, and his friends are our friends. We are willing to cast our banners on the air and fight by his side." [13] In the gubernatorial election, which resulted in the choice of Thomas Ford for Governor, the situation had become so tense that the opposing candidate, Joseph Duncan, felt justified in making opposition to the Mormons one of the chief planks of his platform. [14] The curious who may be desirous of seeing to what lengths politicians were willing to go in those days to secure the support of the prophet and his followers, are referred to some of the speeches made before political conventions in Illinois during the early forties. [15]

Enough has been said above to indicate somewhat of the methods employed by the politicians of those days and the sacrifices they were willing to make for party advantage. The effort to win the Saints to the support of one political party or the other continued to be a factor in their affairs as long is they remained in Nauvoo, and it was this rivalry to secure their political adherence that made it possible for them to secure such unusual favours and to wield the influence they did in political affairs. And it was this rivalry that made them alternately courted and hated by those who would use them. [16]

Another factor which at first blush might seem to be rather remote from the subject, but which none the less militated against the Masonry of Nauvoo, developed in the county to the south of that in which the city of the Saints was located.

Some time previous to the date upon which Grand Master Jonas issued his dispensation to the Nauvoo brethren, a campaign was begun to secure the removal of the county-seat from Quincy to Columbus. Quincy was the home of Bodley Lodge, while Grand Master Jonas lived at Columbus. Naturally, the Grand Master was in favour of the proposed change, while quite as naturally the prospect of losing the county seat did not commend itself to the people of Quincy and the membership of the Masonic lodge there. A good deal of bitterness was engendered as a result, and feeling ran so high that when the Grand Master sent communications to the nine papers in advocacy of the change, those reflectors of public feeling and opinion refused to print them. [17] Not to be baffled in his purpose to carry on the fight, Grand Master Jonas and some of his friends went to St. Louis, purchasing the necessary printing outfit, shipped it to Columbus and began the publication of the Columbus Advocate, the very name of which indicated the purpose for which it was established. While this furnished the Grand Master with a medium through which he might express his views, it did not tend to mollify the feelings of the people of Quincy. One result was, apparently, that the members of Bodley Lodge lost no opportunity to embarrass the Grand Master, and the lodge minutes and the proceedings of Grand Lodge show how this situation reacted unfavourably on the Nauvoo lodges. [18] But, while the machinations of slanderous politicians, and the venom and ill-feeling engendered in an extraneous squabble over a county seat were each influential in the affairs of Nauvoo and its Masonry, neither was as baleful in its effects or as portentous of evil for all concerned as were certain events which even then were taking place within the community itself.

Exactly one month previous to the visit of Judge Douglass to Nauvoo, when he appointed John C. Bennett Master in Chancery, viz., April 5, 1841, Joseph Smith took his first plural wife. [19]

While this, so far as the available records show, was the first instance of the practice of polygamy, or "the great and glorious principle of plural marriage," [20] the doctrine had been taught by Smith to certain of his followers fully ten years earlier. [21] According to the records, the principle was first impressed upon the mind of the prophet in 1831, and from the same sources we learn that immediately he made it known to a few of his close personal friends, and that they in turn passed it on to certain others. [22] Although the revelation on plural marriage, as it appears in Doctrine and Covenants, was committed to writing July 12, 1843 — at which time Joseph Smith had not less than twelve plural wives, and other leaders of the church had followed the prophet in this practice — it was not officially proclaimed as a doctrine of the church until some years subsequent to the settlement in Utah. [23]

A moment's digression at this point may be justified by the interesting fact that as late as 1865 Brigham Young — in conversation with a prominent visitor, who was a political figure of national importance at the time — gave the impression that he was responsible for the revelation on plural marriage. As reported in the Journal of Schuyler Colfax, the president of the church declared, ". . . that the revelations of the Doctrine and Covenants declared for monogamy, but that polygamy was a later revelation commanded by God to him and a few others, and permitted and advised to the rest of the church." [24]

It is a matter of record that Joseph Smith began teaching this principle actively, though with great caution, in the year following the settlement at Nauvoo. [25] At first he confided it only to his closest friends, and those in whom he had absolute confidence, and not to them until he had exacted the most solemn promises of secrecy, for it was not yet "lawful" to utter this teaching in the hearing of the multitude. [26] He did, however, venture to test the feelings of the people concerning this doctrine, some time prior to the return of apostles from Europe, viz., before July 1, 1841. On the occasion named he preached a sermon on the "Restoration of All Things," in which he strongly hinted that the "patriarchal, or plural order of marriage, practised by the ancients, would again be established." We learn that this statement created great excitement and consternation among those who heard the discourse — delivered at a morning service — so much so, in fact, that the prophet "deemed it wisdom, the afternoon, to modify his statement by saying it possibly the spirit had made the time seem nearer in it really was, when such things would be restored." [27]

From the evidence at hand it appears that while this time, i.e., during the first half of the year 1841, knowledge and acceptance of the doctrine of a plurality of wives were confined to the leaders and principal men the church — and that not all of them had been enlightened on the subject — within two years information on the subject had been quite generally disseminated among the people. [28]

To believe that such a revolutionary practice could be taught and indulged in for any, considerable length time and have a knowledge of the, fact limited to those for whom it was intended, would place too great a tax upon our credulity and would flatly contradict the teaching of experience concerning human nature. The presence of "apostates"' in the community, and in adjoining settlements, some of whom had stood high in the councils of the church, would preclude the possibility of maintaining secrecy. Gradually, knowledge what was going on in respect to plurality of wives percolated throughout the community, and was taken up and given trumpet-voice by the enemies of the church.

Here, too, the fact should be noted, that while it appears to have been a matter of common belief that the leaders of the church were practising polygamy, those same leaders did not hesitate to deny, directly and by implication, that such was the case. This conflict between the teaching and practices of Joseph Smith and others was used with effect by those who, one reason or other, had entered the lists against the Mormons. When referring to this feature, a present-day historian, and member of the church, declared that, "wicked men took advantage of the situation and brought sorrow to the hearts of the innocent and reproach upon the church." [29]

A single incident that occurred but a few months before the prophet's death must suffice to illustrate what, not unfairly, might be characterized as double-dealing. It seems that an elder of the church who had been instructed in the doctrine of a plurality of wives, had been sent up into Lapeer county, Michigan. Whatever the directions he may have received from the church authorities as to the use to be made of this teaching, his zeal appears to have outrun his wisdom. He publicly proclaimed the principle with the result that the greatest excitement ensued. Upon learning the facts, Joseph and Hyrum Smith prepared and published the following, in the church paper:

Yet, at the time when this "notice" was published, the prophet was the husband of not less than twenty plural wives. [31] It might be noted in passing that the matter of Elder Brown's delinquencies was only remotely hinted at by Joseph Smith at the April Conference, and the people were told that if they expected that matters of a petty, trivial character were to be considered they were doomed to disappointment. [32]

Instances of denial that polygamy was either taught or practised at Nauvoo or elsewhere occur not infrequently in the literature of the church, even some years after the death of the Prophet. [33] It appears, however, that such statements, and even the paragraphs in Doctrine and Covenants which deal with monogamy are not to be regarded as denials of the principle by church authorities, but rather as an "evasion to satisfy the popular clamour." [34]

Undoubtedly the disaffection of Dr. John C. Bennett, which occurred early in May, 1842, had more to do with focusing attention upon the practice of polygamy by Joseph Smith and others, than any other one event. It is immaterial, for our purpose, how this man is to be regarded. He appears to have been a very devil, or a gentleman and a scholar, according to the point of view of the writer. [35] This much is beyond dispute: he told the truth, and not "wicked lies about Joseph" when he declared that the prophet "taught doctrines in secret which he dare not make public," and that he "preached one thing in public and practised another in private." [36] And further, that he stated facts when he declared in his book — "The History of the Saints" — that Joseph Smith at that time, 1842, had plural wives, including Louisa Beman. [37] It is equally beyond controversy that Bennett was in a position to greatly injure the prophet, and no less true that he used this power to the utmost. In fact, it has been asserted by a recent writer that more than any other influence or person, he was responsible for the downfall of the Mormon church in Illinois. [38] For something like a year and a half Bennett had been in a position to know the inner counsels of the leaders of the church, for he was in fact one of those leaders. When he became a member of the church he was Quartermaster General of the State of Illinois. He helped to draft the famous charters and the bill for the incorporation of Nauvoo, and himself carried them up to Springfield and urged the passage of the act. He had been the first Mayor of Nauvoo under the new charter, was second in command of the Nauvoo Legion, was made Master in Chancery by Judge Stephen A. Douglass, and for a time occupied Sidney Rigdon's place as a member of the first presidency of the church. When the break came between Bennett and the prophet, the latter, fully appreciating the power of Bennett to do harm, immediately proceeded to forestall the use of that power as far as possible, and this in ways which must have been humiliating to Bennett, almost beyond endurance. [39] In return, Bennett used voice and pen most persistently and effectively against Joseph Smith and all the interests with which he was identified. That Smith was fully alive to the danger from this quarter, and that it was not imaginary, appears from the fact that at his suggestion a special conference assembled at Nauvoo in August, 1842, "for the purpose of calling a number of elders to go out in different directions and by their preaching deluge the states with a flood of truth, to allay the excitement which had been raised by the falsehoods put in circulation by John C. Bennett and others." [40] Nearly four hundred men volunteered to undertake this work. [41] The prophet himself had been in hiding for three weeks immediately preceding this conference — his whereabouts being unknown to his people [42] — on account of Bennett's activities. From Smith's journal we learn that he had been in Nauvoo during the entire period. [43]

The foregoing statement of facts will aid to an understanding of some of the conditions which existed in Nauvoo at the time of the planting of Masonry in that place, and suggests at least, that perhaps the soil there was not the very best for the development of the principles of our art. And further, this recital leaves little room for doubt that the irregularities permitted in the lodge room and the "contumacious" treatment of the edicts and messengers of the Grand Master were not the only considerations — although they were quite sufficient in themselves — that had weight in determining the status of Freemasonry among the Latter Day Saints. We may now proceed with the story of the Nauvoo lodges.

As noted above, Grand Master Abraham Jonas instituted Nauvoo Lodge, U.D., and set it to work, March 15, 1842. The circumstances attending this function, so far as they are matters of record, are most interesting.

Upon his return home the Grand Master wrote quite an extended account of the occasion under the caption, "Nauvoo and the Mormons," which was published in his paper, the Columbus Advocate. Among other things he said:

From the journal of Joseph Smith himself, we get a little more intimate view of what actually took place. Unlike the Grand Master, he was not writing for the purpose of confounding his critics. Under date of "Tuesday, March 15," he wrote:

"I officiated as Grand Chaplain at the installation of the Nauvoo lodge of Freemasons, at the Grove near the Temple. Grand Master Jonas, of Columbus, being present, a large number of people assembled on the occasion. The day was exceedingly fine; all things were done in order. In the evening I received the First degree in Freemasonry in Nauvoo Lodge, assembled in my general business office." [45]

On the day following, March 16, he wrote: "I was with the Masonic lodge and rose to the sublime degree." [46]

From one other source comes a little indirect light upon the events connected with the institution of Nauvoo Lodge.

Not long after this lodge had been set to work, rumours became current of unusual proceedings therein which seemed to set at defiance well known and established Masonic law and usage. These tales finally crystallized into assertions, and on the 16th of July, following, Bodley Lodge, at Quincy, held a special meeting, called for the purpose of considering the matter and taking such action as the facts might seem to warrant. After discussion, the sentiment of the meeting took the form of resolutions. One of these called upon Grand Master Jonas to suspend the dispensation of Nauvoo Lodge until the annual communication of Grand Lodge. Another throws a little light back upon the events connected with the institution of that lodge. This resolution reads:

"Resolved, That Bodley Lodge No. 1, of Quincy, request of the Grand Lodge of the State of Illinois, that a committee be appointed at the next annual meeting of said lodge, to make inquiry into the manner the officers of the Nauvoo Lodge, U.D., were installed, and by what authority the Grand Master initiated, passed and raised Messrs. Smith and Sidney Rigdon to the degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellow Craft and Master Mason, at one and the same time, and that the proceedings of the committee be reported for the benefit of this lodge." [47] This resolution seems to show that Bodley Lodge was not pleased with the public "installation" of the officers of Nauvoo Lodge — "at the Grove near the Temple," in the presence of a vast throng and during which the Mormon prophet served as Grand Chaplain, though he was not at the time even a member of the Blue Lodge — and further, that Sidney Rigdon, as well as Joseph Smith, was made a Mason "at sight."

The fact might be noted in passing that presumably it was this unusual action of the Grand Master in behalf of the two church leaders, that was in the mind of one of the present-day apostles of the Mormon church when he wrote that, "Great Masonic honours were conferred upon Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon." [48] Be this as it may, the action taken by Bodley Lodge had the desired effect, and on August 11th, less than six months after its institution, the Grand Master issued his order, suspending the dispensation of Nauvoo Lodge until the annual communication of Grand Lodge. In this short period, the lodge had initiated candidates, of which number 256 had been raised. When the matter came before Grand Lodge, October 3, 1842, the Grand Master explained his action in connection with Nauvoo Lodge and submitted the correspondence in relation thereto. [49] To the keen regret of the student of those events, no word appears of record which throws any light on the character of the explanation made. The matter was placed in the hands of the Committee on Returns and Work of the lodges consideration and recommendation.

On the evening of the second day's session of and Lodge this committee presented a divided report. The majority regretted that the lodge had disregarded the instructions of the Grand Master — to send up the records of the lodge — but expressed the belief that probably the work done conformed to the requirements of Grand Lodge. However, evidence submitted seemed to show that the "intention and ancient landmarks of our institution have been departed from, an inexcusable extent," but that the actual situation could be ascertained only by an investigation of the proceedings and an inspection of the original records the lodge. The committee therefore recommended at the dispensation be suspended till the next annual communication of Grand Lodge, and that a committee be appointed to visit Nauvoo, make a thorough examination and report its findings to Grand Lodge at its next annual communication.

The minority report partook somewhat of the character of a "Scotch verdict." The evidence submitted had failed to establish any irregularities, but fearing that such irregularities could be shown, the third member of the committee joined his colleagues in the recommendation made. [50]

A substitute motion prevailed which provided for the appointment of a special committee whose duty it should be to proceed at once to Nauvoo, make the investigation contemplated and report results to the Grand Master. He in turn was authorized to remove the injunction suspending labour, or to continue it, as the facts presented by the committee might warrant. [51] This committee entered at once upon the task assigned and in due time reported its findings to the Grand Master. Investigation showed that grave irregularities had obtained in the work of the lodge, and that these were of such character as to "strike at once at the vital principles of our Order." Among others, the committee specified the practice of balloting for several candidates at one and the same time, and a tendency to make a reformatory of the lodge. In review of the whole situation, while the committee found much to regret and much to deplore, it was of the opinion that the case did not demand that the injunction suspending labour be made perpetual, and therefore recommended that the lodge be permitted to resume its work, till the next annual communication of Grand Lodge, and that some member of the Craft should be appointed to visit Nauvoo for the purpose of reminding the brethren of the irregularities complained of and admonish them to avoid the same in the future. In accordance with this recommendation, Grand Master Helm, on November 2, 1842, issued his order which permitted the lodge to resume labour. [52] From such evidence as is at hand it appears that the Nauvoo brethren lost no time in getting to work, and the results of their efforts were certainly remarkable. During the eleven months immediately following the restoration of their dispensation, they were so successful in the work of increasing their numbers, that dispensations for two additional lodges in Nauvoo were granted, and the Grand Master in his address to Grand Lodge recommended that before the charter requested should issue to Nauvoo Lodge, its membership should be divided into four or more distinct lodges. [53]

To Be Continued

Notes

1. "The Historical Record," Volume VIII, 1889, p. 751.↩
2. "The Historical Record," Volume VIII, 1889, p. 757. Cf. McMaster's Hist. of the People of the U.S., Volume V, p. 210.↩
3. "Life of Heber C. Kimball," Whitney, 1888, p. 26.↩
4. "Reynolds' History of Freemasonry in Illinois," 1869, p. 152.↩
5. "Mormonism and Its Connection with Freemasonry, 1842-34, Nauvoo, Ill," Smith. "The American Tyler," Feb. 1, 1905.↩
6. "Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Illinois," 1842, pp. 52-8.↩
7. "Times and Seasons," Volume III, 1841, p. 651. ↩
8. "Masonic Voice-Review," (new series), Volume X, 1908, p.261.↩
9. Ibid.↩
10. "Historical Record," Volume VIII, 1889, p. 754; "Masonic Voice-Review," Volume X (new series), pp. 261-2. See also "Times and Seasons," Volume II, pp. 284-86.↩
11. "Masonic Voice-Review," Volume X (new series), 1908, p. 262. This letter, addressed to the editor, reads: "You will please discontinue my paper; its contents are calculated to pollute me. And to patronize that filthy sheet, that tissue of lies, that sink of iniquity, is disgraceful to any moral man. Yours with contempt, Joseph Smith. P. S. Please publish the above in your contemptible paper." For Smith's account of this visit of Douglass and Walker — leaders of the Democratic and Whig parties, respectively — see "Times and Seasons," May 15, 1841. In the issue of the same publication, for June 1, 1841, is an editorial which deals with the strictures of the Warsaw Signal.↩
12. "Historical Record," Volume VII, 1888, p. 764.↩
13. "Times and Seasons," Volume III, 1841, p. 651.↩
14. "Historical Record," Volume VII, 1888, p. 530.↩
15. "Times and Seasons," Volume V, p. 549; "Millennial Star," Volume XII, 1850, p. 106-7.↩
16. "History of the Church, Period 1, Joseph Smith," B. H. Roberts, Volume IV, 1908, Introduction, p. 21.↩
17. "Masonic Voice-Review," Volume X (new series), 1908, p. 294.↩
18. "Reynolds History of Freemasonry in Illinois," 1869, pp. 174-75; "Proceedings Grand Lodge of Illinois," 1842, pp. 52-3.↩
19. "Historical Record," Volume VI, 1887, pp. 232-33.↩
20. "Deseret News," May 20, 1886. Article by Apostle Joseph F. Smith, afterwards, and until his death, recently, President of the Mormon church; "Historical Record," Volume VI, 1887, p. 219.↩
21. "Rise and Fall of Nauvoo," B. H. Roberts, 1900, p. 115; "Historical Record," Volume VI, 1887, p. 230; Cf. "History of the Church, Period 1, Joseph Smith," B. H. Roberts, Volume V, 1909, Introduction, pp. 29-46.↩
22. Ibid.↩
23. "Deseret News Extra," September 14 1852; "Historical Record," Volume VI, 1887, p. 227; "Life of Heber C. Kimball," O.F.Whitney, 1888, p. 335.↩
24. "Western Galaxy," Volume I, 1888, p. 247. This is a quotation from the Journal of Schuyler Colfax, 1865.↩
25. "Historical Record," Volume VI, 1887, p. 221; "Life of Heber C. Kimball," Whitney, 1888, pp. 331-32; "History of the Church, Period I, Joseph Smith," B.H. Roberts, Volume V, 1, 1909, Introduction, p. 34.↩
26. "Life of Heber C. Kimball," O.F. Whitney, 1888, pp. 333, 335; "One Hundred Years of Mormonism," Evans, p. 474; "Succession in the Presidency of the Church," B.H. Roberts, 1900, p. 120; Cf. "Biography of Lorenzo Snow," by his sister, E.R. Snow, 1884, p.68.↩
27. "Life of Heber C. Kimball," O.F. Whitney, 1888, p.338. The words quoted in the text are those of Helen Mar Kimball, a daughter of H.C. Kimball, who was afterwards (May, 1843) married to Joseph Smith.↩
28. "Millennial Star," Volume 45, 1885, p.436; "Historical Record," Volume VI, 1887, pp. 220, 227.↩
29. "Rise and Fall of Nauvoo," B. H. Roberts, 1900, p. 118.↩
30. "Times and Seasons," Volume V. Feb. 1, 1844, p.423; Cf. "Historical Record," Volume VI, 1887, p. 220.↩
31. "Historical Record," Volume VI, 1887, pp. 233-34.↩
32. "Times and Seasons," Volume V, 1844, p. 522.↩
33. "Millennial Star," Volume 12, 1850, pp. 29-30; same, Volume 45, 1885, p. 435.↩
34. "Millennial Star," Volume 45, 1885, p. 435. It is only fair to state that later, a different explanation of these denials was given, and that the latter appears to be the position held by church leaders today. Thus, B.H. Roberts tells us that the leaders were obliged to make these denials because "... over-zealous advocates and illinformed denunciators never truly represented the doctrine of the revelation on marriage," and so, "the denials of these misstatements of the doctrine and its practice was not regarded by the leading elders of the church as a denial of the doctrine of the revelation; and while this may be considered a refinement in presentation that the world will not allow, it nevertheless represents a distinction that was real to those who were struggling with a difficult proposition, and accounts for the seeming denials made by John Taylor, in public discussion with three ministers at Boulogne-sur-mer, France, 1850." "History of the Mormon Church," B.H. Roberts, Americana, Volume VI, 1911, P. 297. To those who do not have access to any early and conclusive evidence in support of this position, this later explanation may seem, as it does to the writer of these lines, as an afterthought made use of to meet it rather difficult and disagreeable situation. Other instances of these "denials" are to be found in Hyrum Smith's letter in "Times and Seasons," Volume V, p. 474, and in Joseph Smith's journal, under date of Oct. 5, 1843, where he writes: "Gave instructions to try those persons who were preaching, teaching, or practising the doctrine of plurality of wives." "History of the Church, Period 1, Joseph Smith," Volume VI, 1912, p. 46.↩
35. "Historical Record," Volume VII, 1888, p. 495; Bennett's book, "History of the Saints," 1842, pp. 10-35; "History of the Church, Period 1, Joseph Smith," Volume V, 1909, pp. 67-83.↩
36. "The History of the Saints," John C. Bennett, 1842, pp. 287; "Historical Record," Volume VII, 1888, p. 495; with this ef. "Historical Record," Volume VI, 1887, pp. 219-234.↩
37. "History of the Saints," John C. Bennett, 1842, p.256; "Historical Record," Volume VI, 1887, pp. 221 and 233.↩
38. "Masonic Voice-Review," (new series), Volume X, 1908, p.334.↩
39. "Times and Seasons," Volume III, 1842, pp. 870, 874; "History of the Church, Period 1, Joseph Smith," B.H.Roberts, Volume V, 1909, pp. 71-82.↩
40. "Historical Record," Volume VII, 1888, p.500; "History of the Church, Period 1, Joseph Smith," B.H. Roberts, Volume V, 1909, p. 136.↩
41. "History of the Church, Period 1, Joseph Smith," B.H.Roberts, Volume V, 1909, p. 139.↩
42. Ibid, p. 137; Cf. "Succession in the Presidency," B.H. Roberts, 1900, p.118 ↩
43. "History of the Church, Period 1, Joseph Smith," B.H. Roberts, Volume V, 1909, p.138↩
44. "Times and Seasons," Volume III, 1842, pp. 749-750; "History of the Church, Period 1, Joseph Smith," B.H. Roberts, Volume IV, 1908, pp. 565-566.↩
45. "History of the Church, Period 1, Joseph Smith," B.H.Roberts, Volume IV, 1908, pp. 550-551.↩
46. Ibid, p. 552.↩
47. "Reynolds' History of Freemasonry in Illinois," 1869, pp.174-175.↩
48. "Deseret News," Editorial, July 16, 1906.↩
49. "Proceedings, Grand Lodge of Illinois," 1842, p. 52.↩
50. Ibid, pp. 58-59.↩
51. Ibid, pp. 59-60.↩
52. Ibid, pp. 71-72.↩
53. "Proceedings, Grand Lodge of Illinois," 1843, p. 85.↩

* * *

KEEPING HOUSE WITH GOD

Bro. L. B. Mitchell, Michigan

* * *

No really great man ever thought himself so.

— Hazlitt.

* * *

CORRESPONDENCE CIRCLE BULLETIN — NO. 45

Edited by Bro. H. L. Haywood

THE BULLETIN COURSE OF MASONIC STUDY FOR MONTHLY LODGE MEETINGS AND STUDY CLUBS

FOUNDATION OF THE COURSE

THE Course of Study has for its foundation two sources of Masonic information: THE BUILDER and Mackey's Encyclopedia. In another paragraph is explained how the references to former issues of THE BUILDER and to Mackey's Encyclopedia may be worked up as supplemental papers to exactly fit into each installment of the Course with the paper by Brother Haywood.

MAIN OUTLINE

The Course is divided into five principal divisions which are in turn subdivided, as is shown below:

Division I.

Ceremonial Masonry.

1. The Work of a Lodge.
2. The Lodge and the Candidate.
3. First Steps.
4. Second Steps
5. Third Steps.

Division II.

Symbolical Masonry.

1. Clothing.
2. Working Tools.
3. Furniture.
4. Architecture.
5. Geometry.
6. Signs.
7. Words.
8. Grips.

Division III.

Philosophical Masonry.

1. Foundations.
2. Virtues.
3. Ethics.
4. Religious Aspect.
5. The Quest.
6. Mysticism.
7. The Secret Doctrine.

Division IV.

Legislative Masonry.

1. The Grand Lodge.
   1. Ancient Constitutions.
   2. Codes of Law.
   3. Grand Lodge Practices.
   4. Relationship to Constituent Lodges.
   5. Official Duties and Prerogatives.
2. The Constituent Lodge.
   1. Organization.
   2. Qualifications of Candidates.
   3. Initiation, Passing and Raising.
   4. Visitation.
   5. Change of Membership.

Division V.

Historical Masonry.

1. The Mysteries — Earliest Masonic Light.
2. Study of Rites — Masonry in the Making.
3. Contributions to Lodge Characteristics.
4. National Masonry.
5. Parallel Peculiarities in Lodge Study.
6. Feminine Masonry.
7. Masonic Alphabets.
8. Historical Manuscripts of the Craft.
9. Biographical Masonry.
10. Philological Masonry — Study of Significant Words.

THE MONTHLY INSTALLMENTS

Each month we are presenting a paper written by Brother Haywood who is following the foregoing outline. We are now in "Third Steps" of Ceremonial Masonry. There will be twelve monthly papers under this particular subdivision. At the head of each installment will be given a number of "Helpful Hints" consisting of questions to be used by the chairman of the Committee during the study period which will bring out every point touched upon in the paper.

Whenever possible we shall reprint in the Correspondence Circle Bulletin articles from other sources which have a direct bearing upon the particular subject covered by Brother Haywood in his monthly paper. These articles should be used as supplemental papers in addition to those prepared by the members from the monthly list of references. Much valuable material that would otherwise possibly never come to the attention of many of our members will thus be presented.

The monthly installments of the Course appearing in the Correspondence Circle Bulletin should be used one month later than their appearance. If this is done the Committees will have opportunity to arrange their programs several weeks in advance of the meetings and the Brethren who are members of the National Masonic Research Society will be better enabled to enter into the discussions after they have read over and studied the installment in THE BUILDER.

REFERENCES FOR SUPPLEMENTAL PAPERS

Immediately preceding each of Brother Haywood's monthly papers in the Correspondence Circle Bulletin will be found a list of references to THE BUILDER and Mackey's Encyclopedia. These references are pertinent to the paper and will either enlarge upon many of the points touched upon or bring out new points for reading and discussion. They should be assigned by the Committee to different Brethren who may compile papers of their own from the material thus to be found, or in many instances the articles themselves or extracts therefrom may be read directly from the originals. The latter method may be followed when the members may not feel able to compile original papers, or when the original may be deemed appropriate without any alterations or additions.

HOW TO ORGANIZE FOR AND CONDUCT THE STUDY MEETINGS

The Lodge should select a "Research Committee" preferably of three "live" members. The study meetings should be held once a month, either at a special meeting of the Lodge called for the purpose, or at a regular meeting at which no business (except the Lodge routine) should be transacted — all possible time to be given to the study period.

After the Lodge has been opened and all routine business disposed of, the Master should turn the Lodge over to the Chairman of the Research Committee. This Committee should be fully prepared in advance on the subject for the evening. All members to whom references for supplemental papers have been assigned should be prepared with their papers and should also have a comprehensive grasp of Brother Haywood's paper.

PROGRAM FOR STUDY MEETINGS

1. Reading of the first section of Brother Haywood's paper and the supplemental papers thereto. (Suggestion: While these papers are being read the members of the Lodge should make notes of any points they may wish to discuss or inquire into when the discussion is opened. Tabs or slips of paper similar to those used in elections should be distributed among the members for this purpose at the opening of the study period.)
2. Discussion of the above.
3. The subsequent sections of Brother Haywood's paper and the supplemental papers should then be taken up, one at a time, and disposed of in the same manner.
4. Question Box.

MAKE THE "QUESTION BOX" THE FEATURE OF YOUR MEETINGS

Invite questions from any and all Brethren present. Let them understand that these meetings are for their particular benefit and get them into the habit of asking all the questions they may think of. Every one of the papers read will suggest questions as to facts and meanings which may not perhaps be actually covered at all in the paper If at the time these questions are propounded no one can answer them, SEND THEM IN TO US. All the reference material we have will be gone through in an endeavor to supply a satisfactory answer. In fact we are prepared to make special research when called upon, and will usually be able to give answers within a day or two. Please remember, too, that the great Library of the Grand Lodge of Iowa is only a few miles away, and, by order of the Trustees of the Grand Lodge, the Grand Secretary places it at our disposal on any query raised by any member of the Society.

FURTHER INFORMATION

The foregoing information should enable local Committees to conduct their Lodge study meetings with success. However, we shall welcome all inquiries and communications from interested Brethren concerning any phase of the plan that is not entirely clear to them, and the services of our Study Club Department are at the command of our members, Lodge and Study Club Committees at all times.

* * *

QUESTIONS ON "THE EMBLEMS"

In conducting the study meetings the Chairman should endeavor to hold the discussions as closely as possible to the text and not permit the members to speak too long at one time, or to stray onto another subject.

Whenever it becomes evident that a discussion is turning from the original subject the Chairman should request the speaker to make a note of the particular point or phase of the matter he wishes to discuss or inquire into, and bring it up when the Question Box period is opened.

THE BOOK OF CONSTITUTIONS

I

Recite the monitorial lecture on "The Book of Constitutions guarded by the Tyler's Sword."

Were written constitutions known to Operative Freemasons in the eleventh to fifteenth centuries? How were the traditions and charges communicated to the candidate in those times? What is supposed to have been the gradual evolution of these traditions and charges?

What is the oldest manuscript of the Old Charges? In what form was it written? What is the next oldest copy? To whom are we indebted for our present collection of these old documents? How many copies of these have been collected and preserved?

What happened to a number of the Old Charges that were in the hands of Masons at the beginning of the eighteenth century? When was one of the first attempts made to collate them?

Who made the first digest of these old manuscript constitutions shortly after the formation of the Grand Lodge of England? In what light is Dr. Anderson's work looked upon at the present day?

II

What symbolical interpretation may be placed upon the Book of Constitutions?

II

What is the symbolical significance of "the Book of Constitutions guarded by the Tyler's Sword?" What is the origination of the word "tyler", and when was that office first created? What is one theory of the derivation of the word? What is another theory? Of what should the Tiler be a reminder?

Whence was the word "cowan" derived? What is supposed to have been the original meaning of the word? In what other sense was the word used?

When was the term introduced into English Masonry? By whom was it supposed to have been introduced? What is its present-day literal meaning? Is it the Tiler's duty alone to "keep off cowans"?

THE SWORD POINTING TO A NAKED HEART

I

Recite the monitorial lecture on "The Sword Pointing to a Naked Heart."

What is Mackey's theory of the origin of the symbol of the "Sword Pointing to a Naked Heart"? How is it presumed to have come into our ritual?

II

Of what is the heart a symbol in this instance? the sword?

What was one of the early beliefs concerning God? What did the term "morality" mean in those days?

III

How is the "moral law" interpreted by Masons of the present day?

* * *

SUPPLEMENTAL REFERENCES

THE BUILDER:

Vol. I "The Charles Martel Legend in Freemasonry," by Bro. Oliver D. Street, p. 223.

Vol. III "Antiquities," p. 181; "Cowan," June C.C.B. p.4; "Freemasonry and Monasticism in the Middle Ages," by Bro. Robert I. Clegg, Jan. C.C.B. p. 1.

Vol. V. "Cowan," Q.B. 165.

Mackey's Encyclopedia:

Anderson, James, p.57; Book of Constitutions Guarded by the Tyler's Sword, p. 113; Cowan, p. 183; Sword Pointing to the Naked Heart, p. 750; Tyler, p. 786.

* * *

THIRD STEPS

By Bro. H. L. Haywood, Iowa

PART IX — THE EMBLEMS — CONTINUED

THE BOOK OF CONSTITUTIONS

I

DURING the period lying, say, between 1000 and 1400, when Operative Freemasonry was enjoying its plentitude of power, it is probable that no written Constitutions were in use. According to such meagre evidence as we possess it is probable that the candidate, at the time of his initiation, was given oral account of the traditional history of the Craft that the Master gave him the charges of instruction and duty in such language as he might choose to employ at the time. As would inevitably happen under such circumstances these traditions and charges gradually assumed a more or less stereotyped form until at last, to make uniformity more certain, they were committed to writing.

The oldest manuscript form of the Old Charges now in existence, as I have already noted, is that which was written by some unknown cleric somewhere near the year 1390; it is known as the Regius, or Halliwell Manuscript, and is written in the form of doggerel verse. Our next oldest copy is the Cooke, which was written early in the next century. Many copies were made from these from time to time, and other versions of the Craft's story were composed; through the labours of Brother W. J. Hughan, the great pioneer in this field, and through the efforts of his successors, we now possess close on to a hundred copies of these old documents.

Many copies of the Old Charges were in the hands brethren in the beginning of the eighteenth century. When the Revival came, and outsiders began to probe into the secrets of the Order, certain of these brethren, to guard against their falling into strange hands, burned several of their manuscripts. Not all, however, were destroyed, and it appears that an attempt to collate the Ancient Constitutions was made as early as 1719.

Shortly after the formation of Grand Lodge some members expressed dissatisfaction with the existing Constitutions and Grand Master Montagu ordered Dr. James Anderson to make a digest of all available manuscripts in order to draw up a better set of regulations — the governance of the body. It is thought by some that it was Dr. Anderson himself who first urged this on Montagu. A committee of fourteen "learned brethren" examined Anderson's work and approved of it, except for a few amendments, and it was accordingly published in the latter part of 1723. This Book of Constitutions "is still the groundwork of Masonry" and stands to our jurisdictions very much as the Constitution of the United States does to our nation.

Holding such a position it is fitting that the Book of Constitutions serve as a symbol in the Third degree. Being, as it were, the title deed of our Fraternity it is much more than a mere instrument of law, and links us on to the great past and binds us in an organic unity to the generations of old builders who, in departing this life, left behind them so shining a monument. As a symbol, therefore, the Book of Constitutions reminds us of our debt to the past, of our solidarity with the vanished generations of kindly workmen, and of the necessity of law and of seemly order if the Craft is to hold itself together in a world where everything is always falling to pieces.

If the Tyler is set to guard the Book it is to remind us that secrecy and watchfulness must ever be at hand to guard us against our enemies, for the Tyler is here introduced as a symbol, rather than as an officer of the lodge. When the Craft first began to employ such a sentinel we know not, nor can we be sure how the word itself originated. Some believe that the first tyler was in reality a tyler, a brother employed to make roofs, himself a member of one branch of the old travelling builders. Others think that, as the sentinel is to protect the secrecy of the lodge, he was called tyler in a figurative sense since it is the roof which conceals the interior of a building. Accepting such views for what they are worth, and acknowledging the practical necessity for such a guardian, we may also see in the Tyler, in the present connection, a reminder that each and every one of us must become a watchman seeing to it that no influence shall undermine our organic law, and that no enemies shall be permitted admittance to our fellowship. Every loyal Mason must be a Tyler, watchful lest he recommend an unfit candidate, and careful lest in his own person he admit such influences into the lodge as make for disunion and disharmony. To keep off cowans and eavesdroppers, figurative and actual, is one great duty of membership.

Cowan is a Scotch term. It was used in early Scotch Masonry in more than one sense but seems originally to mean "a man who uses round unsquared stones for building purposes, whether walls or huts"; in other words, the Cowan was originally an unskilled Mason. Oftentimes a Cowan was loosely affiliated with the Craft but never given its secrets for which reason he was often known as a "Mason without the word." The term was also employed to describe a non-affiliated skilled Mason, one who had unlawfully obtained the secrets of the Craft.

The word was employed by English Masonry in the Grand Lodge period; Brother J.T. Thorp believes it was, Dr. Desaguliers who first used it after his visit to Scotland in 1721; Brother Vibert believes it was imported by Dr. Anderson in 1723 or later. Be that as it may the word found a permanent place in our vocabulary albeit with gradual changes of meaning. Literally speaking, as the word is now employed, a Cowan is a man with unlawful Masonic knowledge; an Intruder is one with neither knowledge or secrets who makes himself otherwise obnoxious; a Clandestine is one who has been initiated by unlawful means; an Irregular is one who has been initiated by a lodge working without authorization. In all these senses a man is designated who makes use of the Fraternity in an illegal or obnoxious manner, who uses Masonry for unMasonic purposes. Manifestly such men can not be kept out by the Tiler alone; every member must assist in this work of the guardianship of the Order.

* * *

SWORD POINTING TO THE NAKED HEART

I

Mackey notes that in old initiation ceremonies, still preserved in some places, the candidate found himself "surrounded by swords pointing at his heart, to indicate that punishment would duly follow his violation of his obligation"; he suggests that in this old ceremony we may find the origin of the present symbol which has been undoubtedly introduced into our system by some modern ritualist, Thomas Smith Webb, perhaps. This is a reasonable account of the matter and may be allowed to stand until further light is available.

II

The Heart is here the symbol of conscience, the seat of man's responsibility for his own acts; the Sword is the symbol of justice. The device therefore tells us that justice will at last find its way to our inmost motives, to the most hidden recesses of our being. This may sound trite enough but the triteness must not blind us to the profound truth of the teaching.

For centuries men believed that God, the moral lawgiver, lived above the skies and dealt with His children wholly through external instruments; agents of the law, calamities, and physical punishments, these were considered the divine methods of justice. Holding such a view of the matter it is of little wonder that men held themselves innocent until punishment would come, or that justice could be avoided simply by staying clear of the instruments of justice. In this wise morality came to be an external mechanical thing, operating like a court of law.

III

But now we have a better understanding of the matter. The moral law, so we have learned, is in our very hearts, and it is self-executing. Sin and punishment, as Emerson says in his great essay on Compensation, a profoundly original and stimulating study of the subject, sin and punishment grow from the same stem. Conscience, like the physical body, is under a universal reign of law that swerves not by a hair's breadth. A man may cherish an evil thought in some chamber of his soul almost outside the boundaries of his own self-consciousness but such secrecy is of no avail; the law is in the secret places as well as in the open, and always does the point of the sword rest against the walls of the heart. The penalties of justice are unescapable because justice and conscience are of the same root. And it is such a result of evil, we may again remind ourselves, that constitutes almost the sole penalty for the violation of Masonic obligations.

* * *

TO AN IDOL

(Discovered in the ruins of Uxmal, Yucatan, Mexico)

Bro. Friench Simpson, Texas

* * *

Think'st thou existence doth depend upon time?
It doth; but actions are our epochs; mine
Have made my days and nights imperishable,
Endless, and all alike.

— Byron.

* * *

No really great man ever thought himself so.

— Hazlitt.

* * *

THE GREATNESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON

Bro. Charles S. Lobingier, China

---

---

IT IS ALWAYS an advantage to begin with a proposition which no one disputes; and in restricting my theme to "the greatness of Washington" I am hot unconscious of that advantage. For upon few themes is there such an unanimity of opinion.

NON-AMERICAN TRIBUTES

I have, indeed, found no writer who questions his greatness; but the tributes of those who were not of his people are so lofty that I need quote no others.

"How fares your countrymen, the great Washington?" Napoleon is said to have inquired of some young Americans in France, about 1798.

On being told that he was well, Bonaparte continued:

"Ah, gentlemen! Washington can never be otherwise than well. The measure of his fame is full. Posterity will talk of him with reverence as the founder of a great empire, when my name shall be lost in the vortex of Revolutions!" [1]

Several of Britain's foremost poets were Washington's contemporaries and at the same time his ardent eulogists. Burns preceded him to the tomb by only three years, and two years before the poet's death he wrote to his friend, Mrs. Dunlop, enclosing an ode written especially for Washington's birthday, containing these lines:

"Behold that eye which shot immortal hate,
Braved usurpation's boldest daring;
That arm which, nerved with thundering fate,
Crushed the despot's proudest bearing;
One quenched in darkness like the sinking star,
And one the palsied arm of tottering powerless age." [2]

Southey in 1814, during the now generally regretted second war between America and Britain, wrote:

"Not long may this unnatural strife endure,
Beyond the Atlantic deep!
Not long may men, with vain Ambition drunk,
And insolent in wrong
Afflict with their misrule the indignant land
Where Washington hath left
His awful memory
A light for after times." [3]

But the most ardent poet panegyrist was Lord Byron. He was a boy of eleven when Washington died and doubtless expresses the best English opinion of his day. And Byron's works abound in references, of which I shall cite only a few, to our national hero. In Childe Harold, after discoursing on Cromwell, whom he calls the "immortal rebel," the poet asks:

"Can tyrants but by tyrants conquer'd be,
And Freedom find no champion and no child
Such as Columbia saw arise when she
Sprung forth a Pallas, arm'd and undefiled?
Or must such minds be nourish'd in the wild,
Deep in the unpruned forest, 'midst the roar
Of cataracts, where nursing Nature smiled
On infant Washington?" [4]

In Don Juan, Byron writes, in words quite applicable to the present hour:

and again, from the same poem:

"Great men have always scorn'd great recompenses:
Epaminondas saved his Thebes, and died,
Not leaving even his funeral expenses:
George Washington had thanks and nought beside,
Except the all-cloudless glory (which few men's is)
To free his country." [6]

We may close this brief anthology of British Washingtonian verse by quoting the exquisite tribute of Canon Richard Wilton of York cathedral, which he sent with a wreath for our hero's tomb on December 14, 1899, the centenary of his death:

ENGLISH HISTORIANS

Turning to prose writers, we find Edward A. Freeman, the great English Constitutional historian, devoting one of his illuminating lectures [7] to "George Washington, the Expander of England," while Lecky, the Tacitus of eighteenth century England, says:

"Of all the great men in history he was the most invariably judicious, and there is scarcely a rash word or action or judgment recorded of him.... It was always known by his friends, and it was soon acknowledged by the whole nation and by the English themselves, that in Washington America had found a leader who could be induced by no earthly motive to tell a falsehood, or to break an engagement, or to commit any dishonorable act. Men of this moral type are happily not rare, and we have all met them in our experience; but there is scarcely another instance in history of such a man having reached and maintained the highest position in the convulsions of civil war and of a great popular agitation." [8]

But perhaps the loftiest eulogy in prose is this by John Richard Green, the beloved historian of the English people:

"No nobler figure ever stood in the forefront of a nation's life.... It was almost unconsciously that men learnt to cling to Washington with a trust and faith such as few others have won, and to regard him with a reverence which still hushes us in the presence of his memory. Even America hardly recognized his real grandeur till death set its seal on 'the man first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.'" [9]

ELEMENTS OF GREATNESS

But it is not sufficient for us to know that our hero was great; we should inquire into the elements and particulars of his greatness. We naturally think of him as a military leader and there are those who place him high in that role. Probably the fairest and fullest account of the American Revolution is that of Sir George O. Trevalyan, the nephew of Lord Macaulay, — a book which merits careful reading on both sides of the Atlantic — where we learn

"From Trenton onwards, Washington was recognized as a far-sighted and skillful general all Europe over, — by the great military nobles in the Empress Catherine's court, by French Marshals and Ministers, in the King's cabinet at Potsdam, at Madrid, at Vienna, and in London. He had shown himself (said Horace Walpole) both a Fabius and a Camillus; and his march through the British lines was allowed to be a prodigy of leadership." [10]

Indeed Frederick the Great is said to have pronounced this "one of the most brilliant achievements recorded in military annals."

Nevertheless the stage was too small, the numbers engaged too few, and the opportunities for grand strategy too limited, for the American Revolution to have produced a world military genius. Had Washington's fame rested on that alone it could hardly have survived the Napoleonic era.

Next we are apt to think of him in the role of a statesman — as President of the Federal Constitutional Convention and later as the first Chief Magistrate of our republic. Washington unquestionably did much to cement that union of the American colonies which his foresight showed him was the great need of his day. But the instrument which perfected that union was, both in conception and adoption, so largely the work of Hamilton that his fame has eclipsed all others as the commanding genius of that mighty achievement.

As to the intellectual attainments of Washington we might even admit with Dean Vance [11] that they were less than those of some of his contemporaries. George Washington never strove to be learned or brilliant and he would have been the first to disclaim such traits. The more we study him the clearer it becomes that the qualities which distinguished him and brought immorfsl fsme were moral rather than intellectual!

MORAL SUPERIORITY

That the intuition of our people has already sensed this appears from the tales which they love to associate with Washington's boyhood. We are all familiar with the cherry tree story and the youthful hero's unwillingness to lie out of the consequences of cutting it down. Iconoclastic research has pronounced that story apocryphal [12] but some still think of his "Rules of Civility and Decent Behavior" as original with him. They were really taken by his tutor, the Rev. James Marye, from "a curious old French book" and dictated to the youthful Washington who wrote them down in his exercise book. [13] Still, though not his own composition in the true sense, they must have produced a real impression on the mind of a boy of thirteen — perhaps the age when the influence of suggestion is greatest. The child is father of the man, and it is not without significance that the keynote of George Washington's career is found in this closing injunction of those "Rules":

"Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire called conscience."

But the halo which history has placed around him has, to some extent, obscured the real worth of the man. When we read these "Rules of Civility," follow his great deeds in after life and look upon his calm, placid countenance as portrayed by Gilbert Stuart, we almost unconsciously think of him as a man who could do no wrong. But had he been such he would not have deserved the homage of posterity. As a great analyst [14] of human character has observed:

"The strong who resist allurement and the tyranny of sense and passion which the gods have given to men as to animals are less deserving than the weak who struggle to overcome. To fall and rise again is more heroic than by greater strength never to fall. To sin and repent — to do wrong and make amends — are parts of a noble nature."

Mark Twain's comment on the cherry tree legend embodies a serious truth. The youthful Washington is represented as having told his irate sire when confronted with the fallen tree: "Father, I cannot lie; I did it with my hatchet." Mark claimed superiority for he declared "I can lie, but I won't," and that attitude is far more characteristic of the real Washington.

SELF MASTERY

No, our first President was neither faultless nor free from temptation and it was precisely as he overcame the latter, and thus avoided dangers which might have wrecked a noble career, that his greatness developed.

Like most great characters he was a man of deep and strong emotions and one of his congenital defects was a fiery temper. The subjection of that unruly member was a task to which he seems to have set himself early in life and he could hardly have failed to receive aid from certain of his "Rules of Civility" such as the following:

"In reproving show no Signs of choler, but do it with sweetness and mildness. (18)

Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curse nor revile. (22)

Think before you speak." (40)

That he gradually succeeded in making these maxims a part of his own character is evident from the type of man as revealed by his contemporaries. But now and then throughout his life, incidents occur amid sore trial, which deserve to be recorded because, if for no other reason, they disclose that the once violent temper, though curbed, was not extinguished, and that eternal vigilance was his only safeguard.

During the retreat from Long Island at the end of August, 1776, Washington had spent several days and nights largely in the saddle and without sleep. Inexcusable delays and blunders by his men had nearly frustrated the masterly maneuver by which he transferred across the East River, under cover of a foggy night, an entire army from its camp within hearing distance of the enemy. And as he stood on the heights of the Manhattan side, and the last ragged continental scrambled leisurely and grumblingly up the steep, the tired soul of the Commander-in-Chief could no longer contain itself and burst forth in a torrent of anguish and exasperation which astonished those who had known him as a model of equanimity. [15]

Again at the battle of Monmouth on that memorable June 28, 1778, when one of his generals, Charles Lee, had recklessly ordered an unnecessary retreat from a strategic position, Washington rode swiftly to the scene and sent the offender from the field with a tongue lashing which is said [16] to have "fairly frightened" the spectators even amid the din of battle.

Once more after he was President a catastrophe occurred which stirred the deeps of that volcanic nature. General Arthur St. Clair, who had been given command of an expedition against the Indians of the northwest in 1791, was surprised and defeated on November 4 of that year, losing nearly half his army on the banks of the Miami. Washington, who knew well from experience the ways of Indian warfare, had especially enjoined him to "beware of a surprise," and when the disgraced general returned, his reprimand from the President was hardly less severe than that given Lee thirteen years before.

But in none of these instances was it questioned that the provocation was great and the chastisement merited. The sole occasion for surprise was the sudden exhibition of an unsuspected phase of Washington's character. And that this was in the main well under control is evident from his calm and dignified bearing under the continued strain of ingratitude, injustice and even calumny.

It is difficult for us of this generation to conceive of any American being unjust or ungrateful to "the father of his country." But we are too prone to judge his contemporaries by a few great names which have come down to us. There were little men also — scheming self-seekers whose motives were too base, or whose vision was too narrow, to permit them to appreciate the lofty merits of their leader. We have only to cite the wretched "Conway cabal," hatched while Washington and his army were in the throes of that terrible winter at Valley Forge, and whose object was to supplant the commander-in-chief with the intriguing Gates. [17] Bancroft expresses the well nigh universal conviction in declaring that "but for him the country could not have achieved its independence." One would have supposed that at least after it had been achieved the hostile tongues would cease. But such a view ignores the nature of that venomous reptile — the character assassin.

Like all of our second term Presidents, Washington became in the later years of his administration, the target of partisan rancour and when he signed the Jay treaty with Great Britain, in 1794, the opposition raised a storm of criticism and abuse [18] that, for a time, seemed to obliterate the memories of his magnificent services to the nation.

But through it all he was outwardly calm and imperturbable. No public utterance escaped him of the indignation he felt at the imputations of those petty partisans; although he confessed privately that "he would rather be in his grave than suffer the treatment he received at the hands of those he was doing his best to serve." He sufficiently appreciated the dignity of his great office never to stoop to a reply. And in his bearing during those times of trial he gave the best demonstration that he had practically conquered his unruly temper and earned the scriptural encomium: "He that ruleth his own spirit is greater than he that taketh a city."

COURAGE AND FIRMNESS

And out of the years of discipline which thus produced self mastery came other and kindred virtues. The fierce opposition to the Jay treaty did not result in changing his attitude. He maintained it courageously and firmly even to the extent of refusing the request of the lower House of Congress for the correspondence and other papers relating to the treaty. [19] In the end the House, by a majority of three, sustained him, the treaty went into effect and time has vindicated his position. [20]

The same consistency and devotion to principle were observed in less important matters. During the operations around New York Lord Howe sent, under a flag of truce, a letter addressed to "George Washington, Esquire." It was returned unopened, not from any sense of pique or vanity, but because he considered that he could negotiate only as Generalissimo of the Continental forces and, as he reported to Congress, he "deemed it his duty towards his country to insist upon a mark of respect which, as an individual, he would willingly have waived." [21]

Shortly after he was inaugurated as President he made an official tour of New England and while in Massachusetts was invited to dine with the Governor, John Hancock, who, however had failed first to call on the President. Hancock had presided over the first Continental Congress and as such became the original signer of the Declaration of Independence. But Washington realized that the delicate question of the new Federal government's supremacy was involved and that precedents were being established. He therefore declined the invitation, courteously but firmly, and in the end the Governor yielded and paid the first call. [22]

DISINTERESTEDNESS

But probably the supreme mark of Washington's greatness was the entire absence, throughout his career, of self-seeking. Had he consulted his personal interests he would hardly have espoused the Revolution at all. He was a well to do country gentleman, of aristocratic birth, with thousands of broad acres in Virginia and twenty thousand more along the Ohio. [23] His natural sympathies were thus clearly with the existing order; why should he seek to overthrow it? Certainly not to escape an insignificant stamp tax.

As in other questions he made the decision upon principle. Through years of reflection the conviction had been forced upon him that a colonial regime as then administered was inimical to the progress and welfare of his country. (How different might have been the sequel could he have been assured of a status like that of Canada today!) With his colleagues he tried other means of securing a change and accepted the gage of battle only as a dernier resort.

The post of Commander-in-Chief was also forced upon him and in accepting it he set a new standard of public duty in these words:

"I beg leave to assure the Congress that as no pecuniary compensation could have tempted me to accept this arduous employment, I do not wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my expenses. Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I desire." [24]

As time went on and public funds became scarcer he is said to have drawn on his own purse to meet the needs of the army and even to have mortgaged his property for that purpose.

"In choosing men to serve his country," an early biographer informs us, "Washington knew no recommendation but merit — had no favorite but worth. No relations, however near — no friends, however dear — stood any chance for places under him, provided he knew men better qualified. Respecting such men, he never troubled himself to inquire whether they were foreigners or natives, federalists or democrats. . . . Indeed, his great soul was so truly republican, that, during the whole of his administration, he was never known to advance an individual of his own name and family." [25]

The same author bears testimony to the high character of Washington's military selections by quoting the complaint of certain young officers (who had failed to receive promotion as they expected because they were from the chief's native state), that "it was a misfortune to be a Virginian."

It is in the adoption of such lofty standards, "proving his country's good his only end," that George Washington occupies a plane far above so many of the world's famous military and political leaders who were not great enough to rise above self.

* * *

Yes, Washington was great and his was essentially a moral greatness. He was

"Great, not like Caesar stained with blood
But only great as he was good."

And so we may close with Byron again:

"Where shall the wearied eye repose
When gazing on the great?
Where neither guilty glory glows
Nor unrelenting hate?

* * *

Yes One
The first, the last, the best
The Cincinnatus of the West.
To make man blush there was but one
Bequeathed the name of Washington."

* * *

Notes

1. Weems, Life of Washington (Mt. Vernon ed.), 9.↩
2. Burns' Works, Chambers' Ed., IV, 83.↩
3. Southey's Works (London, 1838), III, 221.↩
4. Canto IV, stanza XCVI.↩
5. Canto VIII, stanzas III, IV, V.↩
6. Canto IX, stanza VIII.↩
7. At Oxford, Feb. 22, 1886; reprinted in his "Greater Greece and Greater Britain."↩
8. A History of England in the Eighteenth Century, Ch. XI.↩
9. History of the English People, 754, 755.↩
10. The American Revolution (1903), Pt. II, Vol. II, 155.↩
11. Address at Minnesota University Law School, Feb. 22, 1913.↩
12. It first appeared in the Weems biography long after Washington's death and when the usual time had elapsed for myths to grow. The Nation, XCIV, 436; also for March 21, 1912.↩
13. Hill, On the Trail of Washington (1912), 15. The original is among the archives in the State Department at Washington.↩
14. Albert Pike.↩
15. Goodrich, History of the United States, 212.↩
16. Chill, On the Trail of Washington (1912), 188, 189. Lee was afterwards court martialled for his offense and suspended. Marshall, Life of Washington (1850), I, 257.↩
17. Elson, History of the United States (1904), 263, 284.↩
18. ld., 358; Marshall, Life of Washington (1850), II, 370 et seq.↩
19. Id.↩
20. Id., 359.↩
21. Trevelyan, The American Revolution, Part II, Vol. I, 278.↩
22. Hill, On the Trail of Washington (1912), 260, 261.↩
23. Elson, History of the United States (1904), 375.↩
24. Hill, On the Trail of Washington (1912), 99.↩
25. Weems, Life of Washington (Mt. Vernon ed.), 274, 275.↩

* * *

* * *

OBLIGATIONS AND OATHS

Bro. H. R. Partlow, Arkansas

THE MASONIC obligation has always been to the writer a subject of considerable interest, especially on account of the various positions assumed by the obliger at the time of taking the obligation, and the formalities incident to it which, in my opinion, bespeak for the obligation a greater antiquity than usually accorded it by historians and writers.

Even a cursory view of the subject of entering into a contractual relation from ancient times shows that the obligations assumed to be binding were entered into in accordance to the ceremonial form of that age, and if entered into in that way were considered by the ancients inviolate. History abounds with many instances evidencing this, but for numerous cases we have only to go into the field of religious and legal literature. Biblical and judicial records are the deposits left by the receding waters of time and an examination of the laws and customs of these remote ages shows a general unfolding and development of civilization. True it is that the data found are not separately and clearly set forth, but may be compared to the residue of the seashore, scattered and wholly without order, some buried in sand and foreign matter, while others are entirely concealed except to the keen vision of the delving student who by patience and skill will exhume them, thereby revealing them to the superficial observer.

The writer is fully aware that the average Mason has but little interest in such matters, but a close study of the customs of the ancients will shed much light upon certain customs now used in our ritual or floor work in conferring degrees. If by any means we can determine the inception of these early formalities, the basal ideas leading up to them, and the possible psychological functioning which produced them they will, in my opinion, be invaluable. These rudimentary ideas are to the Masonic student what the primary crusts of the earth are to the geologist. They contain all the forms which society has subsequently exhibited.

In the matter of ascertaining the fountain head of the jural conception of an oath, obligation, or contract, one may become lost in the impenetrable night of antiquity. Mr. Holmes, in his admirable work on Common Law, says: "To explain how mankind first learned to promise, we must go to metaphysics and find out how it came to frame a future tense." Law, like religion, is co-eval with intelligence and so soon as man was capable of continuity of thought, so soon as he found intelligible speech, he questioned himself concerning his relationship to other sentient beings. Therefore, by way of a premise, it may be said that whenever and wherever we have found man we find exhibition of certain characteristics which are common to other peoples in the same stage of development.

The force and effect of an oath or obligation in ancient days was much greater than it is today, for the reason that the Higher Power was presumed to be present and to participate in the transaction as a third party. This was especially so in making of covenants which were accompanied by a sacrifice and other solemn formalities in addition to the oath calling upon the ever present Deity to witness.

In the procedure of entering into obligations or of taking oaths one is impressed first with the universal use of the light hand. It is a singular coincidence that so many people are right handed, and we shall now consider the use of the right hand in entering into various obligations and draw some conclusions regarding its almost universal use.

The right hand has been held forever sacred. The origin of such belief is a profound mystery. Much importance was attached to it in worship as well as in entering into various contractual relations.

A study of the formal contract in early English law rewards the student for the pains of his investigation; and for the purpose of giving to the reader the benefit of this we quote at some length from Pollock and Maitland's History of English Law:

In the Code of Justinian the formality of raising the right hand was necessary in taking an oath. Then we find from the two great sources of law, Roman and English, that more importance is attached to the right hand than to the left.

Among primitive races, such as the Dacotah, the Winebagoes and other Western tribes, the right hand as a symbol has been observed by more than one person. As a symbol of fidelity and virtue the right hand is repeatedly referred to in Hebrew lore.

Abraham said to the King of Salem: "I have lifted up my hand unto the Lord, the most High God, the possessor of heaven and earth, that I will not take anything that is thine." The expression, "lifted up my hand unto the Lord," doubtless proves the custom of the ancient Hebrews in placing the right hand upon the object of veneration in entering into a contract or binding obligations, and if such object could not be touched, the right hand was extended toward the thing of reverence with hand open and fingers extended. The right hand of fellowship is spoken of by St. Paul in Gallatioans (Gallatian 2, chap. 9). In Psalms, 94th chapter, the right hand is spoken of as "the right hand of falsehood."

The manner of using the right hand is a symbol of fidelity, imposed in primitive times the loss of that member in cases of breaches of faith. Pollack and Maitland, in their work on English Law, in speaking of the German people say, "Germanic law is fond of characteristic punishment. It likes to take the tongue of the false accuser and the perjurer's right hand."

Fort in his Early History and Antiquities of Freemasonry, says:

Why was it necessary to touch or to be in contact with some sacred object? This is a pertinent question. The possible explanation may be found in the doctrine of deodands in ancient English Common Law. This doctrine generally recognized that in case of an injury inflicted by an inanimate object, such as a wagon wheel, tree or other object of similar kind, a portion of the punishment or damage was to award the injured with the object, the cause of the injury. Man from the remotest times has attributed life, spirit or being to inanimate objects, therefore, swearing upon these inanimate objects is doubtless for no other purpose than to call upon some object to be a witness to this obligation. From the fact that man has attributed life to inanimate objects, creating and vesting them with certain characteristics common to mankind, naturally thought about the necessity of giving them sex. Hence it is probable that this is the explanation why in most languages we find masculine and feminine gender indiscriminately applied to inanimate objects. The explanation is to be found in the doctrine of animism and not in poetic license as is often given by grammarians.

The frequent use of the right hand — and one can cite instance after instance of its use of entering into obligations, such as in marriage contracts, uplifted right hand in the taking of an oath — naturally arouses one's enthusiasm to investigate the probable cause. Brother Mackey cites instance after instance of its use in worship, such as keeping the right side to the altar in going around the altar. Sir Walter Scott gives an instance in his novel, The Pirate, of the young people who assembled in far off Norseland and joined right hands through a circular aperture at the base of an upright rock and plighted their faiths to the god Odin. G. Stanley Hall makes some interesting remarks when he says:

"There are many facts which seem to suggest that in adolescence the right hand precedes the left, and is not usually quite overtaken, so that the predominance is greater after puberty. If this be so the relation of the two hands in man is somewhat analogous to the relation between the male and female body in muscular development."

Scientists say the grip of the right hand exceeds in strength by one-sixth to one-eighth that of the left hand. Smedley has observed that there is an analogy between unidexterity and the development of the voice.

Here let us pause and ask two questions: First, Are we right-handed because of the long continued use of the right hand in worship and in assuming obligations thereby creating a physiological condition or anatomical condition as a result of constant exercise or precedence of the right hand? Second, Is the preference given to the right hand due to the disparity in development between the two hands as is pointed out by the scientist in the preceding paragraphs?

The delivery of possession of a piece of land was performed, says Digby, in the following manner:

"Speaking generally it must be the delivery of something, such as a clod, earth or twig on the land in the name of whole. Great importance was attached to the notoriety of the transaction. That all the neighbours might know that A was tenant to B from the fact that open livery of seisen had been made to him. This would enable him to assert his rights in case of disputes to the title of lands."

Another instance may be cited from Littleton Coke's translation:

"When a freeholder does fealty to his lord he shall hold his right hand on a book and shall say this: 'Know ye this, my lord, that I shall be faithful and true unto you and faith to you shall bear for the lands which I claim to hold of you and that I shall lawfully do to you the custom and service while I ought to do, at the terms assigned, so help me God and his Saints. And he shall kiss the book."

In further substantiation of formalities in assuming obligations we wish here to refer to some peculiar marriage customs. One of the most peculiar of these customs was known as "Smock-marriages" or "Marriage in Shift." Under the common law the husband became at marriage liable for the antenuptial debts of his wife as well as the successor to her property rights. One counteracted the other. Now the theory that the husband could escape the liability of the antenuptial debts of his wife possibly created or brought about smock-marriages.

A smock-marriage was one where the debtor bride came to the wedding dressed in a smock or shift, which was a public declaration to her creditors that she took no property to her husband as a basis of charging him with her debts. A number of instances are reported in the New England States where the bride was secluded in a closet and joined right hands, through an aperture of the door with the bridegroom until the ceremony was said, and later appeared well dressed. Alice Morse Earle, in her Customs of Old New England, refers frequently to this unique custom.

In ancient days trial by battle was attended by the usual formality of joining right hands before the trial of strength, a custom still preserved in the prize fight.

Numerous examples might be cited from the Bible but this is not deemed necessary here as it would simply expand this article and add nothing to its value or proof.

The Prince of Wales in taking his coronation oath lays his right hand upon the Bible, for it is the object of veneration or sacredness.

The formality of removing the shoes is one of the oldest customs and doubtless had its origin among the people of the Far East, especially the Hebrews. We find Moses upon his approach to the burning bush removed his shoes for the reason that the ground on which he stood was sacred. It is a custom of the people of the East upon approaching a sacred place to remove the shoes or to uncover the feet, but among the Western people the head is uncovered. The fact of discalceation proves beyond doubt that the person taking the oath regards the Deity as present and participating as a third party to the ceremony. Among the Jewish people it was considered a sign of renunciation of dominion or authority to remove the shoes.

Under the Mosaic law the brother of a childless man was bound to marry his widow and until he renounced his right, she could not marry another. If refused the woman was obliged to loose his shoes from off his feet and spit before his face as an assertion of complete her complete independence.

Edward J. White in his Legal Antiquities says:

"That this custom was later used by the early Christians would seem to be confirmed by the story connected with the proposal of the Emperor Vladimir to the daughter of Raguald, for when asked if she would not marry the Emperor she replied: 'I will not take off my shoes to the son of a slave."'

In the early Saxon days when marriage was completed the father of the bride took off her shoes and handed them to the bridegroom. Wood's Wedding Day in All Ages says that Martin Luther, the great reformer, used the shoe in his ceremony.

Bending the knee has in all ages of the world's history been considered as an act of humility and reverence. Pliny, the Roman naturalist, observes that a certain degree of religious reverence is attributed to the knee of man. Solomon prayed upon bended knee at the consecration of the temple.

These customs show beyond doubt that in taking the obligation the candidate is assumed to be in the presence of the Deity and that his obligation is entered into with that ever present Being.

The last point we desire to make is that an obligation once assumed was by ancient peoples considered inviolable, and could not be set aside or held for naught. One reason for this was because every act of the promisor contemplated the presence of the Deity and according to the customs of that age due preparations had been made looking to the entering into of the obligations.

It would be a great blessing in this modern age if more of the initiates in entering into the obligation could or would consider it more as the ancients did, a solemn and binding obligation, — one taken in the presence of Him who can search the inner recesses of the heart and knows our purposes and designs. If that were true we would have better Masons.

It is a matter of regret to every man practising law how easily men extend their right hand toward their Creator and perjure themselves. This is done because many of them regard an oath as an empty string of words with no binding effect whatsoever. Let us as Masons make more of our obligations and try to impress upon the initiate the fact that a broken pledge with the brethren is attended with serious consequences and is looked upon with displeasure by Him who takes notice of the falling of the sparrow.

* * *

THE LIGHT

Bro. Frank C. Hickman, Michigan

* * *

Happy is the man, and happy he alone,
He, who can call today his own:
He who, secure within, can say,
Tomorrow, do thy worst, for I have liv'd today.

— Dryden.

* * *

EDITORIAL

THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL

SIR OLIVER LODGE has written a little book dealing with the immortality of the soul. It is a grand, definite pronouncement of the belief of a man of science. Not long ago we heard a noted Christian Scientist discourse upon the subject of cremation. Quite frequently did he allude to the "mortal body." These references recalled to our mind the book by Lodge wherein the human body is likened unto a house whose tenant is the soul. As a minister it has often been our duty to officiate at the burial of those who had been loved dearly and who were keenly mourned. We, too, have lost friends and dear ones whom we loved. Gazing upon that which has come to be in our minds the tenement of clay, we could never persuade outself that the one stricken and cold before us was he whom we had loved. It was to us a house sadly bereft of a tenant.

Not long ago there came to our attention a very helpful little volume containing a vivid picture of a house by the side of the road, which had for a very long time been untenanted. It was in a most dilapidated condition. Its windows were broken, its fences decayed and its doors sagged on their hinges. Then came a day when a man of beautiful spirit made it his home, and it became suddenly transformed. Its paths were well-kept, the fences repaired, new paint and new windows added to its splendor. Roses bloomed around it, birds sang and joy abounded.

Thus is the paradoxical reflection of human life. There is beauty, joy — all things that bespeak life — when the body is the tenement of the soul. But the soul having vanished, and the ruthless hand of time having begun its disintegrating work, no art of the embalmer can make us to feel that the body that was once warm with human life is anything more than a house of clay.

The eternal theme agitating the eternally curious in man is, "If a man die, shall he live again?" In a little work by the late Dr. Momerie we may read that "the greatest thinkers in all ages — men like Plato, Hagel, Goethe — have invariably believed in immortality. Many others, not so great, but great enough to overawe multitudes — men like Haeckel, Clifford and Huxley — have denied, or at any rite, doubted it. Whither has flown that which animated the mortal man?"

There have been good men, no doubt, who have lived good lives without hope of immortality — that hope which seems to be in the lives of most men, which has been there since ever man began to think — the thing to which he instinctively ascribed belief.

In a recnt issue of "The Chrisitan Century" there appeared an article under the caption, Can a Scientist be a Christian? A Frenchman seems to have made an analysis of the religious belief of some four hundred and thirty-two men of science. "Of this number there were thirty-four concerning whose religious position he had been unable to secure any information. Fifteen confessed themselves indifferent or agnostic, sixteen were atheists, while the remaining three hundred and sixty-seven made a profession of religious belief."

From among the very men who have hitherto been regarded as the bulwarks of unbelief we discover that the great majority are believers in religion — and religion as it is conceived of in the mind of the Freemason admits of but one dogma and proclaims but one hope. That hope is the belief in immortality.

If we are to attach any symbolical significance to the great drama of the Third degree, it must be attached as the setting forth of an imperishable idea that there is immortality for the soul. It would, indeed, be no misnomer to say that Freemasonry conceives of the soul as immortal. The Christian Apostle conceived of man as being most miserable were he devoid of immortality. Who cannot share in the feelings of Emerson, when inconsolable over the loss of his son he gave utterance to the beautiful lines of his Threnody. It is a visitant from God from a world beyond.

Our own Joseph Fort Newton, probably our wisest and best Masonic seer in this country today, is forever impressing upon our minds the fact that we are citizens of two worlds.

We have long been persuaded that men had their particular province in which they labored, and of which they seemed to be the authoritative spokesman. For one to learn the things of the material universe he should seek out those who have specialized in learning its nature. The biologist, the physicist and the chemist can answer certain things almost conclusively for us this day, and perhaps it would be wise for us to reaffirm that our greatest knowledge of things spiritual — God and immortality — may best be derived from those who have lived in consciousness of them.

The mystic, the philosopher, the scientist — each his his field of labor, and we may best learn the lesson that each has to tell of his discoveries, from him who is best qualified to speak. Freemasonry has apprehended the wisdom of this course from time immemorial.

We know that there are races of men who have no conception of immortality, but these are very remote cases. The more enlightened the races the more reliable do we find a man's feeling, opinion or judgment to be.

The conception of immortality is born of something more than merely the dreams of man, yet were the intensification of this conception but the result of the dream of primitive man, in which the Indian saw for himself a paradise of bliss, hunting with dogs; the Norseman his Valhalla; the ancient Hebrew his abode of gold, this would in no wise invalidate the belief that such dreams were but instruments, providentially intended to enlighten man as to his ultimate immortal destiny.

To offer to man such immortality as is allied to our general conception of the indestructibility of the primal element that goes to make up life would be to offer him something for which we would find him generally unwilling to thank us.

Happily, our Masonic conception, as embodied in ritual in its beautiful simplicity, hope and faith, satisfies the instinctive craving. Bryant, in his Water Fowl, is a surer guide — and certainly more helpful — than those whose pantheism simply admits man at last to that all-pervading potency where his own identity is lost forever.

A brilliant writer of some years ago pictured a primitive man standing shivering before a foe. Death was staring him in the face. "Then it was that his thoughts turned to those wolf children of the cave whom he had left with the mother behind, and the hope of immortality was there born." We must confess that it is attaching greater rationalizing qualities to apply such to a primitive cave man, unless we admit the possible projection of instinct at that moment, to assure him that in dying he was not losing them forever. But something akin to this belief must agitate the thoughts of every human being who has loved, and who has clasped to his bosom those whom he loved, and who has wept and hoped as earth earth receded for them and their spirits took flight to the realm beyond.

Infinite, then, in its comfort, is the teaching of our Masonic ritual, for it bespeaks the assuring word when wild grief distracts and the earth is blackened, through its imperishable pronouncement, "And so, trusting in the infinite love and tender mercy of Him, without whose knowledge not even a sparrow falls, let us prepare to meet them where there is no parting, and where, with them, we shall enjoy eternal rest."

— Robert Tipton

* * *

THE LIBRARY

Edited by Bro. Robert Tipton

WHEN WE are told that our times are degenerate, and find so much to warrant such a conclusion — though we would not subscribe to a thought that there were no ameliorating features — we are provoked to pronounce such a story as "Tom Brown's School Days" one of breed, blood, and spirit.

The other evening we took down the "Memoir of a Brother," by the same author, Thomas Hughes. A more charming picture, depicting the strong man of power, the type of fine English gentleman, we have rarely read. We wondered, during our reading, whether the idealism of our times — granting that we have an idealism, despite the unideal way of the great majority's living — was not inferior to the idealism of that early Victorian period when the Hughes boys went to the celebrated school of Rugby. No finer relationship could possibly be than that described as existing between the fine country squire, the father, and his son George, as it is revealed in their letters. We sense in their reading, too, what must have been the letters of the great schoolmaster, Arnold, and throughout their perusal we are conscious of moving on a high plane where conduct is eternally actuated by the noblest and truest of motives.

Our heartiest expression in regard to this father's dealings with his sons would be that we feel if any father ever dealt wisely with his sons, the father of the Hughes boys did so. Dr. Arnold on one occasion had written Hughes, senior, regarding the failure of George Hughes to do his duty as praeposter. Some unfortunate peddler had brought his wares within the Rugby grounds and the mischievous element had proceeded to rob him of them and set up some images he sold, for to shy at. It was, of course, a flagrant breach of disciplinary requirements and young Hughes should have reported the affair. Howsoever, this was not done. This failure of duty caused him to be restrained from attendance at Rugby the last half of his last year there. As a result of correspondence which passed between Dr. Arnold and Mr. Hughes, senior, we sense how the lad endeavored to vindicate himself, and the rejoinder of Mr. Hughes to his son contains the following:

"Now, it is impossible for me to enter into the exact merits of the case at a distance; and possibly I may not be inclined to see it in all its details with the eye of a zealous schoolmaster; but, as you are now of a thinking age, I will treat the matter candidly to you, as a man of the world and a man of business, in which capacities I hope to see you efficient and respected in the course of a few years. Your own conduct seems to be gentlemanly and correct. Very good; this is satisfactory as far as it goes. But clearly, by the regulations of the school, you have certain duties to perform, the strict execution of which may in some cases be annoying to your own feelings, and to that esprit de corps which always exists among boys. Nevertheless they must be performed. whose young men who have a reai regard for the character of their school, which all of you are ready enough to stickle for when you get outside its walls, must not allow it to become a mere blackguard bear-garden, and to stink in the nostrils of other public schools, by tolerating, in those they are expected to govern, such things as they would not do themselves. When you grow a little older you will soon perceive that there is no situation in life worth having, and implying any respect, where more firmness is not continually required, and unpleasant duties are to be performed."

Such, indeed, indicates to us the marvelous cooperativeness of an older generation with school authorities, in the subject of discipline of their pupils and students.

Another feature of this remarkable Memoir indicates the great business of the school as interpretated by great, patriotic schoolmasters. Speaking of the great schoolmaster's political proclivities, the author of the Memoir goes on to say:

"I am not conscious, indeed I do not believe, that Arnold's influence was ever brought to bear directly on English politics, in the case even of those boys who (like my brother and myself) came specially under it, in his own house, and in the sixth form. What he did for us was, to make us think on the politics of Israel, and Rome, and Greece, leaving us free to apply the lessons he taught us in these, as best we could, to our own country."

And in compliment to this we sense the real essence of Arnold's teaching in the following:

"Again, though Arnold's life influenced him quite as powerfully as it did me, it was in quite a different direction, strengthening specially in him the reverence for national life, and for the laws, traditions, and customs with which it is interwoven, and ot which it is the expression. Somehow, his natural dislike to change, and preference for the old ways, seemed to gain as much strength and nourishment from the teaching and example of our old master, as the desire and hope for radical reforms did in me."

The Memoir, indeed, makes stimulating reading; it causes a deep hunger for a reconsecration to the older idealism. It sensed in the great institution for the training of youth, not a place where preparation for life, interpreted in terms of what future pursuit one may desire to follow, but in vital relationship to the maintenance of national ideals, customs and traditions. It is the sort of nationalism that enables men to grow strong, manly, and righteous; it is the education in which the secular and religious are complimentary, and in which the church exists as a dynamic, influencing men in right living. The Memoir of a brother is worthy of resurrection for quiet perusal during long winter evenings. It will give a sense of the necessity of solidity during these transitory times.

* * *

During a recent trip to New York we chanced to visit the region known as Chinatown. Our visit was not the first, but this time was occasioned by a desire to see just what Chinatown looked like after the passing of the eighteenth amendment. Our observation distinguished but little difference, save that the barrooms were not running as in days of yore.

On our visit to the joss house which was through a dark and odorous hallway, we passed a door with the inscription, "Freemasons," upon it. If we had been obedient to the curious instinct, we would at once have sought admission, but those restraining mandates pertaining to association with clandestines made us keep within our bounds. Thus it came about that we began to glean in our library for those things which would enlighten us; not so much about their Freemasonry after all, as about the Chinese people themselves, who comprise almost a third of the human race. We would not like to confess to an absolute ignorance of their customs and way of living, for we were in some degree acquainted with them, but it was a gratifying task to us to make a more thorough perusal of the information relative to those people.

Our reading to this end served, in no inconsiderable measure, to enhance our respect for them, and as a Mason, aware of the sublime principle of toleration inculcated in our Order, it was likewise pleasing to learn that there were certain things about the Chinese which we perhaps had once observed, but in our busy rush had forgotten, and which we would do well to both emulate and imitate. Of their practice of Religious Toleration we read in the volume on Ancient China in the Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East:

"The general tolerance, and even welcoming, of new religious ideas has been such that, when China was opened to the world less than a century ago, we found that Christian sects had persisted there through all the Dark Ages of Europe, and that Jewish communities were still existing, the date of whose coming into the land was lost in a remote antiquity. Mohammedanism is also established in China, as is many another less known creed."

That Freemasonry, as we know it, may not be discovered in China, has been quite conclusively shown by such a work as "Freemasonry in China," by Herbert A. Giles, but as a manifestation of the life of the Spirit as Brother Giles well indicates, it no doubt has revealed itself there. "The Masonry, not of form and ceremonies, but of the heart."

We were not at all amazed to find their manner of living almost antipodal to ours. James Freeman Clark, in his work on "The Ten Great Religions," illustrating this oppositional view, describes China and the Chinese in the following manner:

"The first aspect of China produces that impression on the mind which we call the grotesque. This is merely because the customs of this singular nation are so opposite to our own. They seem morally, no less than physically, our antipodes. We stand feet to feet in everything. In boxing the compass they say 'westnorth' instead of northwest, 'eastsouth' instead of southeast, and their compass-needle points south instead of north."

Referring to customs prior to the days of the Republic with its revolution, the same writer says:

"Their soldiers wear quilted petticoats, satin boots, and bead necklaces, carry umbrellas and fans, and go to a night attack with lanterns in their hands, being more afraid of the dark than of exposing themselves to the enemy. The people are fond of fireworks, but prefer to have them in the day time. Ladies ride in wheelbarrows, and cows are driven in carriages. In China the family name comes first, and the personal name afterward. Instead of saying Benjamin Franklin or Walter Scott they would say Franklin Benjamin and Scott Walter. In getting on a horse, the Chinese mount on the right side. Their old men fly kites, while the little boys look on. The left hand is the seat of honor, and to keep on your hat is a sign of respect. Visiting cards are painted red, and are four feet long. In the opinion of the Chinese, the seat of understanding is the stomach."

We remember in connection with this that in our reading of a book under the caption, "Brain and Personality," by Dr. W. Hanna Thompson — a book by the way which indicates a logical ground for the belief in the Immortality of the Soul, from a physical basis — that the stomach was quoted as but one of the many localities of the body that had been cited by the ancients as the seat of the soul. In our judgment, as well the stomach, as the heart, or any other organ for that matter.

Of course, this lecture of Dr. Clark's was delivered many years ago, and since then the general revolution has transformed things not a little. But a people — accurately so described for the time that the lecture was written, and who had been following the same practices and observing the same customs and habits for thousands of years — will retain for yet some time to come, many of the characteristics suggested here.

We noted in connection with the general customs which have prevailed since the time of Confucius, that in the matter of those holding public offices, it was required that they be able to pass certain literary tests. In brief, the literary man held the public office.

To this end, as far as their political and social life was concerned, it was fundamentally necessary that aspirants for position of responsibility should be thoroughly versed in the law that guaranteed unto them their constitutional well-being. The maxims, codes and laws, as promulgated and interpreted by Confucius, was the basic for the Chinese to live and be governed by.

In view of this let us for the moment indulge in some comparative reflections. In these United States there are certain documents of fundamental importance that, we believe, alone guarantee for us the maximum degree of life and liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, certain inaugural addresses — those articles that bespeak the soul of America, its aspirations, its conservatism and its glory, should be known by all aspirants to public office, and not only known, but their life and conduct should square with them, and no one should be suffered to be a recipient of any gift within the power of the American people, who would not heartily endorse and subscribe and pledge his maintenance; neither should anyone of whom the slightest suspicion might be held be suffered to enter office, that he would despoil the purpose or mar the beauty and moral value by any alien innovation.

The laws of the fathers was, and is, a cardinal virtue in Chinese character. That the laws of the fathers in China had their limitations, China's backward condition is the most forcible testimony.

Happily the documents so sacred to all Americans worthy of the name, in no wise are conducive to stagnation or inhibitive to progress, but the experience of men, since the beginning of government, is epitomized for us by them, and liberty and freedom and every guarantee that will permit of rightful initiative conducive to human happiness, is assured by them.

A re-reading of the Constitution and of these documents ought to be obligatory upon every office holder. Nay, more! Upon every American able to read, so that in these trying times the proper perspective might again be obtained, which would reveal to us the folly of departure from the wise course enjoined upon us by the founders of the Republic.

Let them read, mark, and inwardly digest the following:

"Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes."

We confess that, to us, there is something fascinating about men of erudition occupying positions of power. It seems to restrain us from continuation of the practice of giving unto men public office on the strength of their popularity, as we are so wont to do in America.

* * *

We are in receipt of a book published by the Flame Press, New York City, under the caption of "Rosicrucian Fundamentals." We are informed it is published under the authority of the High Council of the Societas Rosicruciana in America.

That it is a book of profundity and scholarship, any who may chance to read it will soon discover. Quoting from a letter received in connection with the book we may read as follows:

"The contents will speak for themselves and need no explanation: But for the benefit of those who are unacquainted with the work of the Societas Rosicruciana in America, of which organization this book is the initial text book, I deem it but proper to state that all who join Colleges of this Order are placed in the Neophyte's Degree, which is preliminary and probationary in its nature. During their stay in this Degree their work is a full and complete study of this book, and their passing to the next Degree, which is that of Zelator, is contingent both on their percentage of attendance on the Convocations of the College and on their passing a satisfactory examination on the contents of this book of Fundamentals. Thus you will see how necessary is a Proficiency in the Preceding Degree."

We are glad to give our readers this introductory note to this text-book of the Rosicrucian Society.

* * *

Sir Edward Gray is no mean successor of Isaac Walton as an Angler Philosopher. We feel that it is not out of season to draw attention to his volume on "Fly Fishing," from the pen of the famous British statesman. His philosophic observations in the introduction are highly pertinent and may serve in their quiet way to influence those fishermen who are prone to fish for numbers, to a more humane view of the sport itself.

We cannot help but quote from the introductory chapter what Sir Edward Gray has to say about the explaining of one's pleasures to another. "It would be delightful," says he, "to write about pleasures, if by doing so, one could impart them to others." ''Nothing is more difficult," he continues, "than to convey any strong impression of pleasure which has been felt within us."

He indicates that interest is the ground for mutual sympathy in the discussion of any sport. His reflections continue, "When a man has a hobby, it is to be hoped that he will learn reticence, that he will never go into the world at large, resolved not to talk what he cares for most."

We learn in a later chapter that of the famous schools of England, Winchester was probably the only school at which the most scientific and highly developed form of angling could be learned. It is a treat to accompany Sir Edward Gray in his musings as he learnedly discusses the intricacies and enjoyments of Fly Fishing.

The book, we note, was published by an English firm, J. M. Dent & Co.

* * *

THE QUESTION BOX

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GEORGE BUSBY CHRISTIAN, JR., SECRETARY TO PRESIDENT-ELECT HARDING

In my travels throughout the State I have been asked numerous times for information concerning Mr. Christian, Secretary to President-elect Harding. Can you tell me whether or not he is a Mason?

F. W. DeK., Connecticut.

George Busby Christian, Jr., is a member in good standing of Marion Lodge No. 70, F. & A. M.; Marion Chapter No. 62, R. A. M.; Marion Council No. 22, R. & S. M., and Marion Commandery No. 36, K. T., all located in Marion, Ohio. He is also a member of Aladdin Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S., of Columbus, Ohio.

He and his people are Presbyterians and his wife is a member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Marion, Ohio.

* * *

SCRIPTURAL PASSAGES IN THE SEVERAL DEGREES

Where should the Holy Bible be opened in the Entered Apprentice, Fellow Craft and Master Mason degrees?

F. A. G., Connecticut.

Entered Apprentice degree — Psalms, chapter 133, verses 1-3.

Fellow Craft degree — Amos, chapter 7, verses 7-8.

Master Mason degree — Ecclesiastes, chapter 12, verses 1-7.

* * *

PARIAN MARBLE

Whence was the "Parian" marble said to have been used in the columns of Solomon's Temple obtained?

C. O. N., California.

Parian marble was, and still is, obtained from Paros (or Paro), an island in the Aegean Sea, one of the largest groups of the Cyclades. It lies to the west of Naxos, from which it is separated by a channel about six miles broad, and which it is nova grouped together, in popular language, under the common name of Paronaxia.

The island is formed of a single mountain about 2,500 feet in height, sloping evenly down on all sides to a maritime plain. The island is composed of marble, though gneiss and mica-schist are to be found in a few places. The capital, Paroekia or Parikia (Italian, Parechia), situated on a bay on the north-west side of the island, occupies the site of the ancient capital Paros. Here on a rock beside the sea are the remains of a medieval castle built almost entirely of ancient marble remains.

The island now belongs to the kingdom of Greece.

* * *

CORRESPONDENCE

ASHES OF MASON BURIED AT SEA

More than two years ago, Robert Weems, who lived in the village of Hempstead, L. I., and who was a member of Anglo-Saxon Lodge No. 137, F. & A. M., of Brooklyn, N. Y., died, leaving a will in which he directed that his body be cremated and the ashes scattered either to the winds, or upon the surface of the ocean.

On November 7th, 1920, the Master of Anglo-Saxon lodge, Brother Henry Turner, accompanied by Arthur H. Meyers, Charles H. Engstrom and Howard Brood, Past Masters, boarded the yacht of D. Baldwin Sanneman at Jones Inlet and put out to sea, carrying the ashes of their dead brother with them.

A heavy sea was running, but late in the afternoon, when out beyond the line of the breakers, and while the cold, fitful wind blew the rain into the faces of the party, the Master of the lodge lowered Brother Deems' ashes overboard, reciting the Masonic funeral services for committal to the sea.

A. J. Audett, New York.

* * *

FlVE SONS RAISED BY FATHERS

At a recent meeting of Trimble Lodge No. 117, of Camden, N. J., five fathers each raised a son. The youngest of the candidates was twenty-one on the night his petition was presented to the lodge. The names of the fathers and sons follow:

FATHERS	SONS
Chas W. Garman	Franklin S. Garman
Wm. M. Kennedy	Wm. R. Kennedy
Geo. W. Johnston	Albert Johnston
Mark Jacoby	Ehrlen Jacoby
Harry C. Knisell	Harry P. Knisell

Forty-three fathers and fifty-eight sons (including the candidates) were in attendance at the meeting, which was designated as "Fathers' and Sons' Night."

Several addresses were delivered at the meeting, the principal speaker being M.'. W.'. Brother Cooper H. Prickitt, Grand Master of Masons in New Jersey.

It is believed that this is the first occurrence of the kind in the history of Masonry in the United States.

Arthur P. Johnson, New Jersey.

* * *

ADDRESS AT THE RAISING OF A SOLDIER

My Brother:

I now have a pleasant duty to perform, which is not particularly a part of this degree, but concerns you personally.

Parents are always pleased when their boy becomes a member of the Masonic Order for they realize that it encircles him with many influences which must of necessity have a tendency to sustain him in a clean and moral character.

They know that he comes into contact with as fine a body of men as society affords, and that the environment will have a strong influence to hold him in the path of rectitude.

They understand that Masonry's teachings are ennobling, its ideals lofty; that it restrains the baser qualities of human nature; that it is uplifting and tends to place a man upon a high plane of activity where he may rapturously enjoy a life replete with words of cheerfulness, deeds of greatness and kindness, thus preparing him to become a greater force for the upbuilding of the community in which he may reside.

My brother, it is with both pleasure and pride that we have conferred upon you this evening the Sublime Degree of Master Mason; upon you, who went three thousand miles from home to battle for the rights of the people against the greedy, unscrupulous, murderous Emperor of Prussia who was determined to conquer and enslave the world.

You should be proud of the fact that you aided in maintaining the freedom and independence of France — that country which so generously and unselfishly aided and assisted our forefathers in winning our independence more than one hundred years ago, and the country where democracy first blossomed and bore fruition in Europe. France, where that holy trinity of Liberty, Fraternity and Equality hurled emperors, princes and nobles from their despotic thrones and placed the wreath of nobility upon the brows of all honest men, though to accomplish this end her soil had many times to be drenched with the blood of her patriotic sons. France, the land where the great and illustrious Napoleon rose, flourished and fell. We now feel that our debt to that country has been paid in full, and that you, in offering your life as a sacrifice on the altars of that country at Verdun, the Marne, and in Flanders fields, assisted in delivering a clean balance sheet, and fortunately for yourself and your fliends, you have returned unharmed. We congratulate you.

My brother, we all are interested in you and your welfare, but yonder sit two brothers who are more interested than we; they have watched your progress through the several degrees and now have smiles of satisfaction on their faces as they behold you having been raised to the Sublime Degree of a Master Mason.

But, my young brother, in a pleasant home this evening there sits one who is more keenly, more vitally interested in you and your future achievements than any other living person. Perhaps she is wondering at this moment if her boy has yet become a Master Mason, and we might see her face lighted with a halo of joy as she whispers to herself, "My boy is now entitled to wear the insignia of that noble Order," and it is for her, your mother, that I am addressing these few words to you.

I am told that you are very fond of your mother; that you anticipate her every wish and administer to her every want. I am glad to know this, for in such a young man there are the elements and qualities that go to the making of a good and worthy Mason.

You may have now, or may win in the future, the esteem and affection of the noblest of womankind, but she can never bestow upon you the undying love and devotion of your mother. Often the wife flings a man from her as she would a reptile, when he becomes guilty of abuse and neglect, but the mother, never. Even though he sink to the depths of depravity and crime, she will not desert him; should he become so vile as to fill a felon's cell, through her tears and sobs she tries to comfort and console him. And should he be so unfortunate as to have the executioner's rope about his neck, her love is but stronger, her confidence unshaken, her faith unfaltering — her trust does not waver, for she sees before her but the innocent face of him to whom she has sung in happier hours sweet lullabies.

If a mother's love is undaunted in adversity, what must it be in prosperity? As you climb round after round of success in business or profession, she is ever at your side to cheer you on. And if, perchance, you reach the dizzy heights of fame and glory, and receive the plaudits of your fellow men, she is happier than you as she entwines around your heart the holy trinity of love, unselfishness and purity.

And now, my brother, on behalf of her whom you love, and who loves you, I present to you this beautiful emblem. Take it and wear it throughout a life unstained and unsullied by any ignoble deed but devoted to the principles of our Order. If ever during your travels from the home fireside you are tempted to step aside from the path of virtue, look upon this emblem and remember her who gave it to you. Let it be your guiding star through life, and a shield from temptation. If you do this, when at last you shall have reached the end of life's uneven, weary journey and are about to cross to the shores of eternity, the lights will be white.

— P. O. Hopkins, Ohio.

* * *

W. H. UPTON'S "NEGRO MASONRY"

Numerous requests for copies of William Henry Upton's "Negro Masonry" — or as it was first known, "Light on a Dark Subject" — prompt me to inform the brethren through the columns of THE BUILDER that this is readily accessible in the 1899 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Washington. In lieu of the customary correspondence report, Grand Master Upton's request that his report on Negro Masonry be published was granted by the Grand Lodge, and this report is the basis of the book which appeared later. The first edition of this work was printed from the same plates used in preparing the 1899 Proceedings. A second edition was issued by an eastern printer, and it is this edition that is best known, as it was issued in larger quantities. I did not know of the original first edition myself until I picked up an unbound and untrimmed copy a few years ago.

Brethren interested in the subject should carefully read the 1898, 1899 and 1900 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Washington. A regrettable amount of misunderstanding took place when the subject was first broached, and the fair-minded and discriminating student should not confine himself to any one issue of these various Proceedings.

Students desiring to know more of Brother Upton should read the obituary prepared by Past Grand Master John Arthur of this Grand Jurisdiction, which appeared in the 1907 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Washington, page 287. Brother Arthur was at one time a law partner of Brother Upton.

Jacob H. Tatsch, Librarian Spokane Masonic Library,
Spokane, Washington.

* * *

WOMEN NOT ADMITTED TO MEMBERSHIP BY THE GRAND LODGE OR GRAND ORIENT OF FRANCE

"A newspaper story of September 28, dated from Paris, contains the information that French Lodges at a convention voted to receive women into membership." This paragraph headed "Women Masons in Paris," is printed in the monthly Masonic Bulletin (Cleveland) for November, 1920. It had been given wide publicity in the newspapers as well as other journals. Usually the reference is to the Grand Lodge of France.

A copy of the statement so widely circulated in this country was sent to the Grand Lodge of France as well as to the Grand Orient. Both replied promptly. The former says under date of November 9:

"We have received your favor of the 29th. We hasten to respond and would inform you that the National Assembly of the Grand Lodge of France has not made any such formal decision concerning the admission of women into Freemasonry, and consequently the rumors now circulating, tending to create a belief that women are admitted to our lodges, are absolutely devoid of foundation."

The Grand Orient of France, under date of November 19, writes as follows:

"In reply to your communication of October 29, I have the favor of informing you that it is incorrect that the admission of women into Freemasonry has been so voted. That question is yet a matter for study."

We American Freemasons cannot be too wary in accepting any statements coming from France or other countries relative to the fraternity. There is now in France an administration very friendly to many things favored by most Freemasons and therefore we shall expect to encounter various attacks upon the good name of the French government as well as upon French Masonry. Let the reader note for himself how little has appeared in the public press of late to encourage a better relationship between us and the French. Then if he also reflects on this one instance that the head of the present government of France has been active in what over in Europe is called Masonic education, namely a centralized control by government of all education whatsoever, he will soon grasp the fact that any agency opposing that object in the United States is equally sure to fight it in France, and one strong means to do this is to arouse international prejudice. We must be wary in believing anything said about foreign Freemasonry and we may wisely be very cautious in accepting information not received by us from undoubtedly reliable Masonic sources. Meantime it is well to consider that the paragraph I am considering here has oft been repeated an it is wholly false. How did it first get into print and why? We may be sure that for no good purpose was it given publicity.

— Robert I. Clegg, Illinois.

* * *

NAMES OF PHILIPPINE LODGES

Manila	Named after the city of Manila. Origin: May nilad, a Tagaglog phrase meaning "place where the nilad plant is to be found."
Cavite	From kawit, meaning "hook" in Tagalog.
Corregidor	Title of a Spanish magistrate and name of island at entrance of Manila Bay, the "Gibraltar of the Philippines."
Bagumbayan	In Tagalog, "New nation," "New people," "New Town." Name of a place near the Luneta where a number of Filipino Masons were shot by the Spanish Government in 1896, among them Dr. Jose Rizal.
Island	Name of lodge at Fort Mills, on Corregidor Island.
Biak-na-bato	In Tagalog, "Cleft Rock." Name of the place where a treaty between the Spanish Government and the Filipino Insurgents was signed in 1897.
Cosmos	The conception of Order and Harmony in Masonry.
Iloilo	From "ylog-ylog," Visayan for "creek." Name of a city.
Nilad	A plant. (See Manila.)
Walana	"That which has been lost." (Tagalog)
Dalisay	"Purity." (Tagalog)
Pilar	In Spanish, "Pillar." This lodge was named after Marcelo H. del Pilar, an eminent Filipino Mason, patriot, and writer.
Sinukuan	"The ruler or victor." This is the Tagalog name of Mount Arayat.
Bagongbuhay	A Tagalog phrase meaning "New Life."
Araw	The Tagalog word for "Sun" or "Day."
Silanganan	The Tagalog word for "East," "Orient," "Sunrise."
Rizal (Lopez)	Named after Dr. Jose Rizal, the Filipino Mason, patriot, and author, executed on the Luneta on Dec. 30, 1896, by instigation of the Friars.
Dapitan	Name of a place in Mindanao, meaning "Chalky land." Here Rizal spent some time in exile.
Solidaridad	Spanish for "Solidarity."
Banahaw	Name of a mountain in Laguna Province, Luzon.
Malinaw	Tagalog for "Pure, clear, transparent."
Pinagsabltan	Tagalog for "Place of the hanging."
Balintawak	This is the place where the Insurrection of 1896 against the Spanish Government, was started.
Zapote	Name of a fruit tree (the "chico") imported from Mexico. Lodge was named after the Zapote river, near Bacoor, where several battles were fought in 1896 and 1899.
Mactan	Name of the Island near Cebu where Magellan, the discoverer of the Philippines, was killed.
Magdalo	Tagalog for "Deliverer." This is the name which the Filipino revolutionaries gave to the municipality of Kawit, Cavite.
Martires del 96	Spanish for "Martyrs of '96." Lodge so named in commemoration of the Filipino patriots who fell in 1896.
Isarog	Name of a mountain in Camarines; means "the only beloved" (Isa sa irog.)
Lincoln	Named after Abraham Lincoln.
Batangas	Name of a town and a province. In Tagalog "outrigger."
La Regeneracion	Spanish for "Regeneration."
Kalilayan	This is the ancient name of Tayabas Province.
Bulusan	Name of a mountain in Sorsogon Province.
Maguindanaw	The old name of Mindanao.
Minerva	The Greek goddess of wisdom.
Mabini	Name of a famous Filipino patriot.
Noli Me Tangere	Latin for "Do not touch me." This is the title of Rizal's famous novel.
Tayabas	Name of a town and province on Luzon.
Charleston	Named after the U.S.S. Charleston, which took the surrender of the Spanish garrison of the island of Guam in 1898.
Mount Apo	Name of the highest mountain in Mindanao. "Apo" means "Master," "Chief," or "Lord."
Malolos	Capital of Bulacan province. This town was the capital of the late Filipino Republic.
Makabugwas	Visayan for "Sunrise," "East," "Orient."
Pampanga	Name of a province in Luzon.
Mount Mainam	"Fairmount" (Fair mountain.)
Sarangani	The name of a high mountain on the Island of Mindanao. A place where the swallow birds stay and deposit their nests, commonly known "Bird's Nest."
Pintong-Bato	"Stone gate."
Pangsinan	Name of a province on Luzon. Means "Salt place."
Pinatubu	"That which was engendered or planted."

* * *

APOSTROPHE TO A SKULL

Bro. Gerald A. Nancarrow, Indiana